英文第三冊第六課課文解說

6 Disappearing: Who Is Next?
消失：誰是下一個？

☆教學目標

1. 本課敘述全球暖化對地球造成的負面影響，並且提到部分地區可能會因為全球暖化造成的海平面上升而有消失的危機，希望讓學生們在學習完本課之後，能夠了解其成因，並身體力行，減少溫室氣體的排放，阻止暖化效應持續惡化。
2. 本課有一些與「氣候」或「環境」相關的字彙，例：rising、level、global、melt、temperature、sink等。
3. 在文法句型方面，本課是介紹「感官動詞」及``either...or...''和``neither...nor...''的用法。
4. 教導學生如何運用英文表達事情的「原因」和「結果」，以讓他們練習陳述發生在生活周遭事物的因果關係。

☆本課導讀
本課課文以疑問句起頭。問學生們是否曾經去過吐瓦魯，進而引導出本課的主題──全球暖化。由於現代工業發展，人類的經濟活動大量使用化石燃料，造成大氣中二氧化碳等溫室氣體的濃度急速增加，產生愈來愈明顯的全球暖化、海平面上升以及全球氣候變遷加劇等現象，對於水資源、農作物、自然生態系統及人類健康等各層面造成日益明顯的負面衝擊，有些區域更面臨土地逐漸消失的危機，這就是人類破壞環境所要付出的代價。
為了抑制人為溫室氣體的排放，防止氣候加速變遷，聯合國在1997年12月於日本京都舉行聯合國氣候變化綱要公約第三次締約國大會，通過具有約束效力的京都議定書(Kyoto Protocol)，以規範工業國家未來之溫室氣體減量責任。而根據該議定書，主要工業國家應以1990年的排放量為基準，在2008年至2012年之間，讓六種溫室氣體排放量平均降低至少5%。其中最重要的一項是二氧化碳，它主要來自化石燃料(煤、石油與天然氣)的燃燒。而其他人為溫室氣體加起來的效應也頗為可觀，這些氣體，尤其是對流層臭氧與其前驅物，包括甲烷，都是煙霧的主要成分，有害人體健康與農作物產量。在本課進行中，教師可以隨著課文講解，讓學生們了解，惟有減少化石燃料的燃燒，才能讓溫室效應逐漸減弱，讓地球重新成為一個適合萬物居住的地方。
本課課文旨在告訴學生，在人類尋求經濟發展的同時，應該多加思考如何以不破壞地球的自然環境為前提，來創造人類與大自然雙贏的局面。教師可以藉由課前活動、課文講解與會話來使學生了解溫室效應的影響，讓學生能省思如何解決此一難題。

Warm-up
本課的課前暖身活動藉由在地圖上找出一些區域的所在位置，讓學生們找出這些區域的共通點──它們都被預測可能會因為全球暖化而有土地逐漸消失的危機。老師可藉由提問的方式來引導學生參與討論。
老師亦可詢問學生是否知道何謂全球暖化，其成因為何？影響為何？是否有解決之道？
參考解答
1. Alaska
2. Greenland
3. Venice
4. Taiwan
5. Tuvalu

2. Parts of these places are expected (預料) to disappear because of global warming.



Reading
你曾經造訪過吐瓦魯嗎？如果沒有，你應該趕快去。這個由九個小島組成的小國可能很快就會消失了。事實上，大部分曾居住在那裡的居民已經搬走了。為什麼會這樣呢？在過去一百年當中，因全球暖化所造成的海平面上升已經導致嚴重的淹水。這已經嚴重地影響了這個國家的飲用水和食物生產，甚至沖走了島嶼的部分土地。科學家們可能知道這些事情發生的原因，但他們並不知道這個重要問題的答案：誰是下一個？
1. If not, you should go soon.
→ If you have not visited Tuvalu, you should go soon.
2. In fact, most of the people who once lived there have already moved away.
吐瓦魯是世界上最小的國家之一，分成九個環礁，由多島組成。它的土地非常貧瘠，當地幾乎無儲水區，而土壤也不適合農耕。吐瓦魯主要工業為捕魚業及旅遊業，但因為它地處遙遠，所以每年只有少數旅客到達，且吐瓦魯的經濟本來靠出口鳥糞造成的氮肥來支持，但由於海平面不斷上升，使國家的平地日漸縮少。2001年，吐瓦魯政府宣佈因為面對海平面上升，吐瓦魯的居民將會撤出該群島，而鄰近國家紐西蘭同意接受每年配額的撤離者，但是澳大利亞則拒絕了吐瓦魯政府的請求。
3. ...rising sea levels caused by global
warming...
→ ...rising sea levels which/that were caused by global warming...
句型分析
N + Vpp
關係代名詞為主格時，關係子句可簡化為分詞片語。例：
‧I really enjoy the books written by Dan Brown.
4. affect在此指「影響」。例：
‧Smoking affects your health very much.
5. Scientists may know why this is happening....
句型分析
S + V + who/what/when/where/why S + V...
在此疑問詞why引導名詞子句作know的受詞。例：
‧I don't know why these girls are crying.

全球暖化已經在很多地方造成問題。例如在阿拉斯加，很多冰河已經開始溶化。科學家指出冰河溶化的原因是因為在過去四十年中，阿拉斯加的平均溫度上升了。現在有些阿拉斯加人甚至說冬天感覺像夏天。由於全球暖化，大約百分之十五的阿拉斯加土地已經消失了。
1. ...winter feels like summer.
此為感官動詞的用法，詳細用法請參見本課句型解析一。
2. ...about 15 percent of Alaska's land has disappeared.
percent of 後可加「單數名詞＋單數動詞」。例：
‧Fifteen percent of the money is John's.
percent of後也可加「複數名詞＋複數動詞」。例：
‧Fifteen percent of the students in the school are girls.











位於格陵蘭島上溶化的冰河亦被報導出來。因為百分之八十一的格陵蘭島土地被冰所覆蓋，所以全球暖化讓很多人感到緊張。專家們已經說出他們的擔憂，如果格陵蘭島上所有的冰都溶化了，海平面將會上升七公尺以上。
1. melting為現在分詞作形容詞用，有「主動」或「正在進行」的意義，類似用法有：the boiling water, the changing world。
2. Since 81 percent of its land is covered with ice, global warming makes many people nervous.
(1) since在此指「因為，由於」。例：
‧Since it was really cold, I stayed at home.
(2) be covered with表示「被…所覆蓋」。例：
‧The meadow is covered with pretty wild flowers.
(3) makes many people nervous
句型分析
make + O + OC (Adj)
make為不完全及物動詞，接受詞後，還會接形容詞當受詞補語，表示「使…覺得…」。例：
‧Hank's rude words made me angry.
3. Experts have voiced their concern that if all the ice in Greenland melts, sea levels will rise more than seven meters.
(1) 動詞voice為「說出；表達」之意。例：
‧Tom voiced concern about our plan.
(2) ...if all the...meters.
句型分析
If + S1 + V1..., S2 + will/may/can... + V2....
此為直說法條件句，用來陳述一般事實。
‧If it is sunny tomorrow, we will go to the movies.

全球暖化甚至影響了歐洲的城市，像是威尼斯。對很多人而言，這個運河城市看起來很浪漫。然而，可能讓很多人驚訝的是這個美麗的城市正在下沉，而且上升中的海平面可能會造成威尼斯將來有一天完全地消失。為了拯救這個歷史上著名的景點，威尼斯的領袖們必須找出方法來阻止這個城市下沉或海平面上升。
1. ...this city of canals looks romantic.
此為感官動詞的用法，詳細用法請參見本課句型解析一。
2. ...it may surprise most people [that this beautiful city is sinking] and [that rising sea levels may cause it to disappear...].
(1) 此句中虛主詞it代替後面兩個that子句，且兩個子句說得是同一件事。
(2) 後面的it是指Venice。
3. To save this historic place, the leaders of Venice must find a way either to stop the city from sinking or to stop sea levels from rising.
(1) To save 等於 In order to save，表示「為了拯救…」。
in order to為表示「目的」的不定詞，in order常被省略。例：
‧To get better grades, we need to study harder.
(2) 關於either...or...的詳細用法，請參見本課句型解析二。

此外，靠近我們的家園，全球暖化也讓許多臺灣的民眾擔憂。設法想像一下，臺灣因為上升的海平面淹沒了海岸而成為一座更小的島嶼。再想像一下，有些外島，像是澎湖和金門，已經完全地消失了。…
1. worry是「使…擔心」的意思。例：
‧Don't worry yourself about the English exam tomorrow.
2. Try to picture Taiwan as a much smaller island....
(1) picture A as B在此指「想像A為B」。
picture也可用imagine替換。例：
‧I always picture myself as Spiderman.
(2) much用來修飾比較級形容詞，亦可用even, far...等來修飾比較級形容詞。

…再想像一下，每天在臺北搭船去上班或上課，而不是搭乘捷運。這些事聽起來瘋狂嗎？有一些專家已經預測，如果全球暖化繼續造成海平面上升，這些事情都有可能會發生。
3. Imagine living in Taipei and taking a ferry to work or school, instead of the MRT.
(1) imagine 後面接動詞時，須用V-ing。例：
‧It is difficult for me to imagine walking on the moon.
(2) instead of + V-ing/N為「代替…；不是…而是…」的意思。例：
‧Angela stayed at home instead of going to the movies.
→ Instead of going to the movies, Angela stayed at home.
4. Do these sound crazy?
此為感官動詞的用法，詳細用法請參見本課句型解析一。
5. ...all of these things may possibly happen if global warming continues to cause sea levels to rise.
句型分析
If + S1 + V1..., S2 + will/may/can... + V2....
此為直說法條件句，用來陳述一般事實。
‧If Maggie comes to my party tomorrow, I will be very happy.

人類能做什麼來阻止全球暖化和拯救像吐瓦魯、阿拉斯加、格陵蘭島、威尼斯和臺灣這類的地方呢？一些科學家建議我們應該設法減少造成全球暖化的污染。例如，其中一個方法就是學生可以走路或騎腳踏車上學，而不是騎摩托車去。
1. Some scientists suggest that we try to reduce the pollution that causes global
warming.
句型分析
S1 + suggest + that + S2 + (should) V....
suggest之後引導that子句時，子句中的should常省略而用動詞原形。例：
‧I suggest that you (should) see a doctor soon.
2. for instance = for example　舉例來說…；例如…
‧The twins are quite similar in many ways. For instance, they share the same habits.

無庸置疑地，全球暖化是一個既不容易了解，也不容易解決的問題。然而，在問題變得無法收拾之前，每一個人都應該做一些事來預防全球暖化變得更嚴重。
1. ...a problem that is neither easy to
understand nor easy to solve.
(1) 關係代名詞that代替先行詞a problem，在子句中作主格用。
(2) 在neither A nor B的句型中，以最靠近動詞的名詞來決定動詞的單複數，詳細用法請參見本課句型解析二。例：
‧Neither you nor he is right.
‧Neither you nor I am the boss of the company.














Cultural Note 資料增補
聖嬰現象
「聖嬰現象」的說法出自西班牙文中的 El Niño，是指男孩或上帝之子的意思。位於南美洲秘魯太平洋沿岸的漁民發現，在聖誕節時期的前後，東太平洋海域赤道附近的海水溫度常會異常升高，洋流產生異常變化，這稱為「聖嬰現象」。
當「聖嬰現象」出現時，會造成海水溫度異常，海中浮游生物數量減少，於是魚群聚集數量隨之減少，海鳥出現之數量亦銳減，對海洋生態產生巨大影響。而過去資料顯示，大約每二年到七年就會發生一次「聖嬰現象」，每次發生期間可長達一年半到二年之久。
同時，當「聖嬰現象」出現時，近赤道區東太平洋表面海水溫度異常增溫，洋面之上之大氣受熱，伴隨著海洋來之水氣上升，且經由對流作用成雲，在東太平洋地區產生豪雨，造成沿岸地區發生水災。而西太平洋由於表面海水溫度較低，海域上空之空氣則是下沉，抑制降雨，造成印尼、菲律賓、澳洲北部乾旱，甚至引發森林大火，影響空氣品質。

Post-reading Activities
III. Topics for Discussion
參考解答
1. Because of global warming, these places may soon disappear. The rising sea levels and melting glaciers caused by global warming have resulted in terrible flooding and have even washed away parts of these places. About 15 percent of Alaska's land has disappeared. Also, reports say that glaciers in Greenland have started melting due to global
warming, and this situation makes many people nervous. Therefore, if global warming can't be controlled, in the future, these places may gradually disappear.
2. Some scientists said that we should try to reduce the pollution that causes global warming. For example, we can reduce the amount of oil we use for energy. We can also walk or ride a bicycle to school or work to reduce the amount of harmful gases, such as carbon dioxide. In addition, we can also use our air-conditioning systems less, since the hot air from the operation of an air-conditioning system can make global warming even worse.






























Vocabulary, Idioms and Phrases

I. Words for Production

1. rising
(1) adj. 上升的
‧The castle is built on rising ground.
(2) adj. 上漲的
‧The new government needs to face the problem of the highly rising living cost in the country.
(3) adj. 嶄露頭角的
‧Peter is now a rising baseball star.
rise
(1) vi. 上升
‧I saw smoke rise from that house, and then it was on fire!
(2) vi. (數量或價錢)增加，上漲
‧The prices of vegetables rose after the terrible flood.
(3) vi. 站起
‧Jenny rose from her chair to welcome her grandfather.
(4) n. [C] 上升，增加
‧There is a sharp rise in the number of people out of work in June.
(5) n. [C] 加薪
‧The workers asked for a 5% pay rise this month.
2. level
(1) n. [C] 水平面；水平
‧The hill is about 1,000 feet above sea level.
字詞搭配
at eye level　與眼睛平視的高度
‧Eric held the book at eye level and started to read it.
(2) n. [C][U] 水準，程度
‧The boy's intelligence is above the ordinary level.
(3) adj. 平坦的
‧This floor is not completely level.
(4) adj. 相同高度的
‧My sister's head is just level with my shoulder.
(5) vt. 把…整平，使平坦
‧The farmers leveled the field before planting.































3. global
(1) adj. 全球的，世界性的
‧AIDS is a global issue.
(2) adj. 全面的，整體的
‧The report takes a global view about the economic problems between the USA and Taiwan.
globally adv. 全球性地，世界性地
‧Nike is a globally familiar brand name.
globe n. [C] (usu. sing.) (the～) 地球
‧The company exports their products all over the globe.
4. melt
(1) vi. 融化；食物入口即化
‧It could be very cold when snow is melting.
‧The cake my mother made really melted in the mouth.
(2) vt. 使融化
‧High heat can almost melt anything.
(3) vi. 逐漸消失；逐漸化為
字詞搭配
melt away　逐漸消失
‧After the police used force, the crowd finally melted away.
(4) vi. (態度)軟化，萌生憐憫之情
‧Jason's heart melted when seeing his girlfriend crying.
melting adj. 甜美的，令人愛憐的
‧It's really a joy to hear the signer's melting voice.
字詞搭配
melting point　熔點
melting pot　文化大熔爐
‧The melting point of iron is very high.
‧London has become a melting pot of different cultures.
5. indicate vt. 指出；表明
‧The manager indicated that he was soon to retire.
‧The lights indicated that someone was still up.
indication n. [C][U] 徵候，跡象
‧There is no indication that it will rain this afternoon.
6. average
(1) adj. 平均的
‧What is the average rainfall in May in Taiwan?
(2) adj. 一般的，普通的
‧How much does an average worker in your country earn per year?
(3) adj. 中等的
‧Her English is not good─just average.
(4) n. [C] 平均，平均數
‧The average of 5, 6 and 7 is 6.
字詞搭配
on average　平均來看
above/below average　平均以上/下
‧Helen studies math 3 hours a day on average.
‧My work at school is above average.
7. temperature n. [U] 溫度，氣溫
字詞搭配
room/body temperature　室溫/體溫
take one's temperature　測量體溫
have/run a temperature　發高燒
‧The nurse took the baby's temperature with a thermometer.
‧John has been running a temperature for two days.










11. concern
(1) n. [U] 擔心，憂慮
‧He showed his concern about/over his father's illness.
字詞搭配
a matter of concern　關心的事
‧The safety of using cell phones has become a matter of public concern.
(2) n. [C] 擔心/關心的事
‧Mind your own concerns.
‧The businessman's sole concern is how to make more money.
(3) n. [U] 關係，利害關係
‧This is a matter of deep concern to the public good.
(4) vt. 使擔心，使掛念
‧David's drug problem concerns his parents very much.
→ David's parents are concerned about his drug problem.
‧The rich man doesn't have to concern himself about money.
(5) vt. 與…有關
‧Matters of pollution and the environment concern us all.
12. sink
(1) vi. 下沉，沉沒
‧The Titanic was a passenger ship which sank on its first voyage.
(2) vi. 下陷，下沉
‧The sun sank slowly below the horizon.
(3) vi. (疲倦地)坐下，倒下
‧After dinner, Father always sinks down on the sofa and goes to sleep.
(4) vi. (心情)消沉，(健康狀況)衰退
‧Lily's spirits sank when her boyfriend broke up with her.
(5) vt. 使沉沒，使陷入
‧I just saw a man sink two black bags in the river.
(6) n. [C] (廚房/浴廁的)洗滌槽
‧My sister is filling the sink with water to wash the dishes.
13. imagine vt. 想像
‧I can't imagine myself giving a speech to my classmates.
imaginary adj. 想像的，虛構的
‧The dragon is an imaginary animal in Chinese culture.
imaginative adj. 富有想像力的
‧This imaginative child likes to make up stories.
imagination
(1) n. [U] 想像力
‧Our art teacher tried her best to arouse our imagination.
(2) n. [U] 幻覺
‧Is it my imagination hearing footsteps downstairs?
15. predict vt. 預言，預料
‧No one predicted that the lights would fall on the stage.
prediction n. [C] 預言，預告
‧The prediction she made about the plane crash has come true.
predictable adj. 可預言的，可預料的
‧It is predictable that the cost of living in Taiwan will continue to rise.









17. pollution n. [U] 污染，公害
字詞搭配
environmental pollution　環境污染
air/water/noise pollution　空氣/水/噪音污染
‧Everybody should make efforts to reduce environmental pollution.
pollute
(1) vt. 污染，弄髒
‧The river has been polluted by chemical waste from the factory.
(2) vt. 玷污，毒害(思想)
‧Some TV programs may pollute young minds.
polluted adj. 受到污染的
‧Some people in the area still drink polluted water.
pollutant n. [C] 污染物
‧Some pollutants from that factory are released into the air.
18. solve
(1) vt. 解決(問題)
‧Tim finally solved his financial problems with the help of his friends.
(2) vt. 解答，解釋(難題)
字詞搭配
solve a case/crime/mystery　偵破案件/犯罪/
迷團
solution n. [C] 解決方法
字詞搭配
find/come up with a solution to/for...
找到/想出對…的解決方法
‧The scientists have not found great solutions to the global warming problems.
19. prevent vt. 阻止，預防
字詞搭配
prevent sb (from) doing sth　阻止某人做某事
‧The storm prevented us (from) arriving on time.

preventable adj. 可預防的
‧It was reported that the plane crash was preventable.
preventive adj. 預防的
‧You should take preventive measures against SARS.
prevention n. [U] 阻止，預防
‧Crime prevention is getting more and more important in today's society.

II. Words for Recognition
1. Tuvalu n. 吐瓦魯(太平洋中部的島國)
吐瓦魯是由9個珊瑚礁島所組成，海岸線有24公里長，總面積只有26平方公里，卻居住著1萬多人。主要的經濟來源以農漁業為主，許多島民靠販賣郵票、銅幣維生，部分人口在諾魯礦區工作。吐瓦魯水淺灘平，涉水一兩個小時水深仍然不及膝。
2. Alaska n. (美國)阿拉斯加州
阿拉斯加州位於美國國境的邊疆，是美國的最大州，但是其人口數卻十分稀少。阿拉斯加的地理位置位於北美大陸的西北方，東接加拿大，西濱白令海峽，並隔著白令海峽與西伯利亞相望，南邊瀕臨太平洋，北臨北極海，總面積大約是臺灣的42.5倍，人口僅有551,947人。阿拉斯加雖然地廣人稀，但是蘊藏了豐富的天然資源，如石油和多種礦產，並有許多野生動物，如北極熊。阿拉斯加因接近北極圈，夏季時幾乎沒有天黑的時候，而冬季時幾乎看不見白晝。
3. glacier n. [C] 冰河，冰川
冰河又稱為冰川，顧名思義是以冰塊組成的巨大河流，是歷經極長的時間而產生的自然現象。在終年被冰雪覆蓋的高山或兩極地區，經年累月的大量積雪在重力作用下擠壓成巨大的冰塊，沿山坡河谷向下滑動而形成冰河。冰河是地球上最大的淡水資源，也是地球上僅次於海洋之後最大的天然水庫。七大洲當中，除了大洋洲以外，其他六大洲都可見冰河的蹤跡。
4. Greenland n. 格陵蘭島
格陵蘭島是個被冰雪覆蓋的世界，全島三分之二以上的面積位在北極圈內，最北端距北極點不到800公里。格陵蘭島是世界上最大的島嶼，比世界面積第二大的新幾內亞島、第三大的加里曼丹島以及第四大的馬達加斯加島的面積總和還要大。格陵蘭島上有一巨型冰川，是世界第二大冰川(第一大冰川位於南極州上)。近年來科學家警告，如果不採取有效措施，扭轉地球暖化的趨勢，格陵蘭島的大冰原可能會在下個世紀消失。
5. Venice n. 威尼斯(義大利東北部的港口城市)
威尼斯是義大利東北部的城市，市區涵蓋義大利東北部亞得里亞海海邊的小島和鄰近一處半島。威尼斯位於一個潟湖的中央，一邊是義大利本土，另一邊是狹長的岬角，城市建在水道縱橫交錯的一系列島嶼之上，有很多運河，因此有水鄉的美譽。威尼斯中心舊市區街道狹窄，是行人徒步區，禁止汽機車進入，為歐洲最大的無汽車地區。

III. Idioms and Phrases
1. in fact　事實上
＊同義詞＊
as a matter of fact
‧I don't know my neighbors well. In fact, I just moved here last week.
2. result in　導致
result in後面需接N/V-ing，表示所導致的結果；相反地，result from後接原因。
＊同義詞＊
lead to + N/V-ing
give rise to + N/V-ing
‧Leo's laziness resulted in his failure in the exam.
4. as a result of　由於
＊同義詞＊
owing to
because of
‧The house collapsed as a result of the earthquake.
5. without a doubt　無疑地
＊同義詞＊
without/beyond doubt
without question
‧ Without a doubt, Daniel is the best student in this class.

Grammar in Use
1. S + Vi (feel/look/smell/sound/taste) +
SC (Adj)
like + N
本課第一個句型介紹感官動詞的用法。感官動詞屬於不完全不及物動詞，又稱為連綴動詞(linking verbs)，其後不接受詞，但是因為本身意思不完整，需接主詞補語。感官動詞後面可直接使用形容詞，作為主詞補語，形容事物的狀態、氣味、觸感和口感等。若加上介系詞like，則必須接名詞，表示「像…」。
句型分析
(1) S + Vi + SC (Adj)
形容詞用來補充說明主詞，且使句子意思完整。例：
‧Mandy looks unhappy.
‧The idea sounds interesting.
(2) S + Vi + like + N
"like + N"是一介系詞片語，在這裡亦為主詞補語的用途。
‧Steve's English sounds like German.
‧Ann looks like her mother.
感官動詞為連綴動詞的一種，教師可視學生程度補充其他的連綴動詞的用法：
(1) be 動詞
‧Irene is beautiful.
(2) seem/appear
‧It seems wrong to lie to people who trust you.
(3) become
‧The band became popular after they released their second album.
(4) get
‧Mom got angry when I told her about my poor grades.
(5) go
‧Don't drink the milk. It has already gone bad.
(6) grow
‧Everyone grows old. It's inevitable.
(7) keep
‧The teacher asked us to keep quiet in the museum.
(8) turn
‧The woman's face turns red when people talk about her good looks.
(9) fall
‧Some students fell asleep during class.

＊句型練習補充：
A. 利用句型和提示字完成下列句子。
1. How does this cake taste? (sweet)
→ ____________________________________
2. What does James look like? (his grandfather)
→ ____________________________________
3. How does this cloth feel? (soft)
→ ____________________________________
4. What does the music sound like? (a dog's barks)
→ ____________________________________
5. What does the perfume smell like? (roses)
→ ____________________________________

B. 利用句型完成下列的對話。
When I woke up this morning, I heard something which 1__________ a bird's singing. It made me happy. Besides, there was a delicious smell from the kitchen. It 2__________ chocolate. So, I went to the kitchen to see what my mother was cooking. Then, I saw my mother baking a chocolate cake. Its shape 3__________ a Mickey Mouse's face. When I touched the cake, it 4__________ hot because it was just taken out from the oven. I could not wait to have a bite of it. It must 5__________ delicious.

參考解答
A.
1. It tastes sweet.
2. He looks like his grandfather.
3. It feels soft.
4. It sounds like a dog's barks.
5. It smells like roses.
B.
1. sounded like
2. smelled like
3. looked like
4. felt
5. taste

C. 教師可鼓勵學生利用此句型造出對話，以下範例可供參考。
1. Q: How about going shopping after class?
A: It sounds great!
2. Q: What did the candy taste like?
A: It tasted like a rock.
3. Q: You look like my brother.
A: Really? That's amazing.
4. Q: Are you OK? You don't look very well.
A: I feel sick.


2. either...or...
neither...nor...
either A or B「不是A就是B」與 neither A nor B「既不是A也不是B」為對等連接詞，可用於連接對等的名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞、介系詞或片語等。例：
‧I think his father is either a policeman or a soldier. (名詞)
‧I could neither laugh nor cry.　(動詞)
‧The weather in Taipei in summer is either hot or humid.　(形容詞)
‧The man talked neither sincerely nor honestly.　(副詞)
‧He did not find the key either on or under the mat. (介系詞)
‧Mike is either at home or in the office.　(片語)
句型分析
(1) 當"either...or..."與"neither...nor..."連接主
時，動詞需與最靠近的主詞一致。例：
‧Either my parents or my husband looks after my dog when I am away.
‧Does either Debbie or her friends cook in the kitchen every day?
(2) "either...or..."之either也可省略。例：
‧The boss or his secretary has the key to the safe.
(3) 若"either...or..."用在否定句時，則表示全部否定。例：
‧I don't like either math or physics.
→ I like neither math nor physics.
‧The child can't either read or write.
→ The child can neither read nor write.
(4) "neither...nor..."本身已表示否定，所以不需再有否定詞。
‧Jason could not neither walk nor run after the car accident. (×) (not必須去掉)
如果有時間，教師可以讓學生進行翻譯或造句練習，以熟悉此句型。以下例句可供參考：
‧You either left your watch in the classroom or lost it on the way home.
‧We can either cook dinner for them or take them to a restaurant.
‧Most magazines are published either weekly or monthly.
‧Neither his parents nor his uncle is going to the party.
‧She left her key neither on the table nor in the drawer.
‧Either you come to see us or we go to see you.



























＊句型練習補充：
A. 利用"either...or..."或"neither...nor..."合併下列句子。
1. Jane may find the note on the desk.
Jane may find the note in the drawer.
→ __________________________________
2. You may find Jim in the living room.
You may find Jim in the kitchen.
→ __________________________________
3. Mary is not fond of tea.
Mary is not fond of milk.
→ __________________________________
4. Kevin doesn't like swimming.
Kevin doesn't like hiking, either.
→ __________________________________
5. You should go to bed early this evening.
You should stop complaining about feeling tired in class.
→ __________________________________
6. I don't like cooking.
Carl doesn't like cooking, either.
→ __________________________________

B. 利用句型和提示字完成下列的段落。

1. Yesterday a typhoon hit my town. My mother asked me to decide 1____________________
_____________________________________
(either/stay at home/or/go to school). I told her that I wanted to stay at home. When I called my best friend, Amy, she told me that 2____________________________________
____________________________________
(neither/the students/nor/the teachers) went to school. Nobody wanted to take a risk.
2. Today I had an important English exam to take. Tragically, I got up late and couldn't catch the bus in the morning. My mother said that I could 3__________________________
_____________________________________
(either/take a taxi/or/ride her scooter) to school. I decided to take a taxi. Unfortunately, there was a traffic jam on my way to school. So, when I arrived at my school, it was 9:30. I 4____________________________________
____________________________________
(neither/go to school in time/nor/take the test). What a bad day it was!

參考解答
A.
1. Jane may find the note either on the desk or in the drawer.
2. You may find Jim either in the living room or in the kitchen.
3. Mary is fond of neither tea nor milk.
4. Kevin likes neither swimming nor hiking.
5. You should either go to bed early this evening or stop complaining about feeling tired in class.
6. Neither I nor Carl likes cooking.

B.
1. either to stay at home or to go to school
2. neither the students nor the teachers
3. either take a taxi or ride her scooter
4. neither went to school in time nor took the test










English Workshop
I. Discussing Cause and Effect
1. 解釋說明原因和結果的對話內容常會出現在日常生活情境中，一個事件的發生必定有其因果，教師可列出一些句子，有些表原因，有些表結果，然後讓學生來分辨。此外，因和果也是很好的作文練習題材，可以幫助學生訓練邏輯思考的能力。所以，這個單元介紹了一些可以表達因果關係的連接詞。because/so是最常見的因果連接詞，和中文不同的是，在英語語法裡，表因或果的連接詞不會出現在同一個句子裡。老師在讓學生練習課本中列出的連接詞時，可以再次提醒。
2. 此外，教師在帶領這一活動時，也可以先詢問學生在過去有學過哪些表達因果關係的連接詞，以讓學生複習。做本單元活動時，教師可以多列舉一些例子來幫助學生了解因和果的區別，建議以學生熟悉的情況為例，像是上學遲到因為沒趕上公車、考試不及格因為沒有認真讀書等。以下分別列出因、果和利用連接詞說明因果關係的句子可供學生練習：
Causes:
(1) Andrew studied hard.
(2) This hotel has fine service.
(3) The traffic jam
(4) It is a lovely sunny day.
(5) Allen told a lie.
Effects:
‧ He had no time for fun
‧ People would like to come back again.
‧ I was late for school.
‧ Could we go on a picnic?
‧ He was punished.
Causes & Effects:
(1) Andrew studied so hard that he had no
time for fun.
(2) This hotel has such fine service that people would like to come back again.
(3) As a result of the traffic jam, I was late for school!
(4) Since it is a lovely sunny day, could we go on a picnic?
(5) Allen told a lie, and thus he was punished.
II. Oral Practice: Cause and Effect
1. 進行此活動時，教師可以先引導學生舉出一件最近發生的事(班上的或個人的事件皆可)，然後讓學生們討論其中的原因和導致的結果。例如：以最近班上很多同學帶手機到校為例，以此為原因，請學生說出其產生的結果；或者以很多同學成績進步但也有些同學成績退步為例，以此為結果，請學生說出影響此結果的原因，並要求學生以課本所給的連接詞完成因果關係的句子。
2. 上述兩個例子的參考解答如下：
例一(手機)：
(1) Since more and more students bring cell phones to school, some teachers have found it a big problem.
(2) Some students are distracted because they answer their cell phones during class.
(3) Many students use cell phones frequently; therefore, the school has decided to make new rules for this situation.
例二(成績)：
(1) One third of the students' English grades improved because of their diligence in learning.
(2) Some students had spent too much time playing online games; as a result, they did less well than before in schoolwork.
(3) Most of the students did well in the midterm because they had paid full attention in class.
Conversation
在看了「明天過後」這部電影之後，兩位學生，喬治和芭芭拉正在討論全球暖化的問題。
(G = 喬治，B = 芭芭拉)
G: 看過電影「明天過後」真的讓我對全球暖化的現象感到不安。
B: 為什麼？它不就只是一部災難片嗎？
G: 我想恐怕不是。那些來自我們的車子和工廠的污染確實正在使地球的溫度上升。
B: 這怎麼可能？那些只是無害的煙塵，不是嗎？
G: 不是的。所有那些氣體上升至空中而阻礙了太陽的熱氣逸出至外太空，所以地球就變得越來越熱。
B: 嗯，難怪人們會說「無火不起煙」(事出必有因)。但是，認真說來，為什麼要擔心較溫暖的天氣？我想要有比較暖和的冬天。
G: 我們是該要擔心！在格陵蘭島和阿拉斯加的冰河正在快速地溶化。…
1. The Day After Tomorrow「明天過後」是一部在2004年5月底上映的電影，內容描述的是溫室效應在未來嚴重惡化，全球暖化現象改變了氣候，讓地球面臨冰封的危機。詳細內容請參閱下列網站：
http://www.foxhome.com/dayaftertomorrow/
2. disaster movie為「災難片」，以下補充一些常見的電影種類：
romance　愛情片
documentary　紀錄片
animated cartoon　動畫片
3-D movie　立體電影
horror movie/thriller　恐怖片
kung-fu movie　功夫片
comic movie　喜劇片
science fiction (sci-fi) movie　科幻片
3. I'm afraid not.
→ I am afraid it is not just another disaster movie.
對話中，當你要以客氣有禮的方式來表達不同意對方說的話時，可以用I am afraid./I am afraid not.來引出你不同的想法或意見。此外，I am afraid.也可以表示道歉之意，但並非真正做錯事而道歉，是一種禮貌的表達，例：
‧I am afraid I can't go.
4. ...stop the sun's heat from escaping...
stop...from...為「阻止…做…」。例：
‧Nothing will stop Mark from marrying Jane.
5. ...the world is getting hotter and hotter.
此為「比較級 + and + 比較級」的用法，表示「越來越…」。例：
‧Things are getting better and better every day.
6. Well...
well常在口語中出現，在不同情境中，它可以表達不同的意思。在這句中，此處說話者用well來對之前說過的話(It's just harmless smoke...)呈現想法的改變，且表示理解對方的說法並想再加上自己的註解 (people say "There's no smoke without fire.")。
7. There's no smoke without fire.
此為一英文諺語。字面上的翻譯為沒有火哪來的煙，暗喻某人若被傳言做某壞事，雖然無法確定是否屬實，但想必事出有因，非常有可能是真實的。
8. ...why worry about warmer weather?
→ Why do you worry about warmer weather?








G: …這將造成海平面上升，而且未來很多城市都有可能被海水淹沒。
B: 那會是一個嚴重的問題。
G: 是的，因為全球暖化，地球將變得更溫暖，海平面也將在未來持續上升。
B: 真嚇人。現在我覺得自己像是生活在災難片裡。
9. feel like在此表示「感覺起來像是…」。例：
‧I have only studied English for twenty minutes, but it feels like ten hours!
關於全球暖化的原因和可能造成的影響可參閱下列網站：
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming

Listening Practice
本課聽力單元練習全民英檢聽力的「對話」題型，在進行測驗前，教師可先讓同學複習以下的字彙，以增進他們的理解能力。
1. glacier n. [C] 冰河
melt vi. 融化
2. oversleep vi. 睡過頭
wake up　醒來，起床
3. flood n. [C] 洪水，水災
typhoon n. [C] 颱風
5. diet n. [C] 飲食
[聽力腳本]
1. M: Do you know that the glaciers in Greenland are getting smaller?
W: No, I don't know that. Why is this happening?
M: Global warming is causing them to melt.
Q: What is causing the glaciers to melt?
2. W: Why are you so late today, Charles?
M: Sorry, ma'am. I overslept.
W: Please try to wake up earlier.
Q: Why was Charles late for class?
3. M: Global warming will probably cause sea
levels to rise even higher.
W: Yes. If so, there will be terrible floods in many cities.
Q: What will cause the floods?
4. M: Let's go to that place again. I love the dinner we had there before.
W: Yes. The steak really tasted delicious.
Q: Why did they like about the restaurant?
5. M: If you want to stay healthy, you must eat well.
W: For sure. An apple a day keeps the doctor away!
Q: What did they think keeps people healthy?

























☆課後練習難題解析
I. Vocabulary
1. hide oneself　隱藏自己；whenever　每當…
3. HBL Final為「高中籃球聯賽的決賽」。
4. because of + NP　因為…
5. local adj. 地方的
8. score n. [C] 分數
9. "be able to + V"表示「能夠…」。
"by + V-ing"表示「藉由…方法」。
10. "an expert at..."為「…方面的專家」。

II. Multiple Choice
1. "either...or..."的句型中，以接近動詞者的主詞來決定動詞單複數，故本題以Johnny來決定動詞。
2. "taste like"後需接名詞，表示「嚐起來像…」。
4. "stop sb (from) doing sth"表示「阻止某人做某事」，from可省略。
5. 因空格後是V-ing (going)，故需用介系詞片語instead of。
6. "such + a + Adj + N + that-clause"為「如此…以至於…」之意。
7. since在此當「因為，由於」之意。
9. 這句原本為The car accident which was caused by the driver's carelessness killed three people。關係代名詞which和was同時被省略，故答案為(D)。
10. 本題不可選(A)，原因為for example前須有分號，後須有逗號，故答案為(D)。

III. Guided Translation
1. not at all　一點也不
2. on time　準時

☆其他相關參考資料
A. 相關書籍
1. 發燒地球200年，蓋爾‧克里斯欽森著，黃小萍譯。野人出版，2006。
2. 地球暖化，怎麼辦？：請看「京都議定書」
的退燒妙方？，葉欣誠著。新自然主義出 版，2006。

B. 相關網站
1. http://e-info.org.tw/issue/environ/climate/
2004/cl04010901.htm
(環境資訊中心──全球暖化)
2. http://earth.fg.tp.edu.tw/learn/elnino/enso.htm
(聖嬰現象)
3. http://gis2.sinica.edu.tw/epa/kyoto.html
(京都議定書)
4. http://www.moea.gov.tw/~ecobook/season/
sp201.htm
(全球溫室效應問題)