高縣/國際文化季活動 中山工商熱鬧登場
http://etweb.tp.edu.tw/epa/paper_show.aspx?EDM=EPS20091204190736AMB
中山工商辦的國際文化季系列活動熱鬧登場,日本和服走秀壓軸演出,台日兩國學生搭檔表演,贏得滿堂彩。
中山工商推動語文學習校園多年,成果豐碩,是國內各項英文比賽的常勝軍,今年應用日語學程畢業生黃瑛雯和廖津琳,雙雙通過日本語能力測驗二級,具備漢字一千字六千字語彙實力,相當難得。
校長陳國清希望藉由外國文化的交流與體驗,激發學生學習興趣,舉辦國際文化祭活動,活動多元化,包括講座、國際電影欣賞、外國文物展等,同時邀請日本等國師生來台進行文化交流。 校方首先邀請一名德國藝術創作者,介紹德國建築、歷史、飲食與風俗文化。隨後請來風潮唱片金曲獎音樂總監吳金黛,透過台灣本土音樂的穿梭,讓學生們欣賞世界不同音樂的特性與美妙。 為了寓教於樂,校方也安排國際電影欣賞,以及國際交流成果分享發表會,邀請參加美國海外體驗學習營的學生,現身說法。另外,餐旅群參加澳洲海外技能學習營的學生,也展現學習成果與經驗分享。
日本動、漫畫相當受學生喜愛,校方情商日本交流協會,提供日本各式風俗文物,包含手工藝品、服飾與器皿等,舉辦日本文物展。另提供日本和服舉行日本和服走秀表演,由美容科的學生穿著日本和服走秀,搭配日籍學生介紹日本節慶由來與風俗。
兩國學生合力演出,贏得滿堂彩。高三學生李秋子擔任這次文化祭主持人,她為了活動上網了解日本文化背景,她發現日本人很注重禮節,尤其日本和服色彩鮮艷,吸睛度百分百。 高三學生趙翊婷擔任日本文物展解說員,她對日本娃娃和茶道相當著迷,她認為女兒節娃娃除具有特殊意義外,也相當精緻可愛;而茶道更是具日本代表性的文化。
從日本來台就讀中山工商綜合高中的阿部良太,操著不太流利的國語,詳細介紹日本廟宇的文化,包括拍手合十的祈禱、敲鐘祈福、許願卡等方式,都與台灣「差很大」。
2009年12月12日 星期六
開卷有策略 看見全世界
開卷有策略 看見全世界
http://etweb.tp.edu.tw/epa/paper_show.aspx?EDM=EPS20091205192554YJH
天下雜誌教育基金會主辦的「第三屆國際閱讀教育論壇」3日在台北登場,邀請國際閱讀專家與台灣教育人士分享多元閱讀策略,探討如何帶領台灣的下一代,透過閱讀開展視野,認識尊重不同生命的價值。天下雜誌教育基金會董事長殷允芃,推崇新加坡國家圖書館的多元推廣閱讀的策略令她驚豔。在飛機上,「空服員問妳,要咖啡、茶,還是書?」她讚嘆,這是很聰明的推廣方式,也建議大家:「到新加坡,一定要去看圖書館!」
殷允芃強調,推廣閱讀只有書本並不夠,而是需要策略。她以88水災為例,眾多送到災區的書籍繪本,至今仍未開箱,需要推手幫助孩子打開書,才有機會體驗閱讀的無限想像力。
台北縣長周錫瑋致詞時提到,由於深感閱讀的重要性,北縣正推動「轉角遇到書」、「閱讀滿天星」等活動,讓學生隨時都能碰到書,培養閱讀習慣。此外,他透露北縣準備在民國100年推動「小學雙語教育」,一至三年級每周3堂英語課、四至六年級4堂課,讓英語教育落實扎根。
會中特別邀請新加坡圖書管理局處長高麗連與日本作家山本敏晴進行專題演講。高麗連是近年相當成功的「讀吧!新加坡」閱讀推廣策略的重要推手,她擁有30多年的圖書館專業,走遍新加坡,親力親為將閱讀從零歲嬰兒推廣至計程車司機、美髮院設計師,超過11萬新加坡市民因為她而拿起書本,學習並享受閱讀的樂趣。
山本敏晴以「作家的閱讀課——你最重要的東西是什麼?」為題,分享他從小大到的核心關懷,以及自己如何從一個好奇的孩子成為一位擁有大愛的無疆界醫生、一位攝影師,以文字與影象的創作,喚醒下一代對全球戰爭、經濟、環境、教育與醫療議題的關心。
http://etweb.tp.edu.tw/epa/paper_show.aspx?EDM=EPS20091205192554YJH
天下雜誌教育基金會主辦的「第三屆國際閱讀教育論壇」3日在台北登場,邀請國際閱讀專家與台灣教育人士分享多元閱讀策略,探討如何帶領台灣的下一代,透過閱讀開展視野,認識尊重不同生命的價值。天下雜誌教育基金會董事長殷允芃,推崇新加坡國家圖書館的多元推廣閱讀的策略令她驚豔。在飛機上,「空服員問妳,要咖啡、茶,還是書?」她讚嘆,這是很聰明的推廣方式,也建議大家:「到新加坡,一定要去看圖書館!」
殷允芃強調,推廣閱讀只有書本並不夠,而是需要策略。她以88水災為例,眾多送到災區的書籍繪本,至今仍未開箱,需要推手幫助孩子打開書,才有機會體驗閱讀的無限想像力。
台北縣長周錫瑋致詞時提到,由於深感閱讀的重要性,北縣正推動「轉角遇到書」、「閱讀滿天星」等活動,讓學生隨時都能碰到書,培養閱讀習慣。此外,他透露北縣準備在民國100年推動「小學雙語教育」,一至三年級每周3堂英語課、四至六年級4堂課,讓英語教育落實扎根。
會中特別邀請新加坡圖書管理局處長高麗連與日本作家山本敏晴進行專題演講。高麗連是近年相當成功的「讀吧!新加坡」閱讀推廣策略的重要推手,她擁有30多年的圖書館專業,走遍新加坡,親力親為將閱讀從零歲嬰兒推廣至計程車司機、美髮院設計師,超過11萬新加坡市民因為她而拿起書本,學習並享受閱讀的樂趣。
山本敏晴以「作家的閱讀課——你最重要的東西是什麼?」為題,分享他從小大到的核心關懷,以及自己如何從一個好奇的孩子成為一位擁有大愛的無疆界醫生、一位攝影師,以文字與影象的創作,喚醒下一代對全球戰爭、經濟、環境、教育與醫療議題的關心。
拓展國際視野 不能只會講英文
拓展國際視野 不能只會講英文
http://etweb.tp.edu.tw/epa/paper_show.aspx?EDM=EPS200912072001580KH
為增進高中職生的國際視野,教育部今年起推動國外大學生來台服務。教育部中部辦公室表示,明年開始,還要推動國際視野融入各科課程,讓高中職生進行國際交流時,更了解要學什麼,並向外國學生介紹台灣文化與教育特色。
教育部中部辦公室科長蔡志明表示,學生要具備國際交流能力,絕對不只是會講英文就夠了,更要了解台灣文化及教育特色,才能向外國人介紹。
蔡志明舉例,學生要向外國人介紹台灣技職教育特色,首先要了解我們的學制與外國有何不同?那些類科最有發展潛力?如雲林斗六的維多利亞高中,還教學生如何向外國人介紹台灣的布袋戲,屏東的鳳新高中、屏東女中也要推動融入課程。
教育部訂定「增進高級中等學校學生國際視野方案」,從今年起推動國外學生來台交流、國內高中職生赴海外交流,今年就有四百五十九位外國學生來台訪問研習,六十七人來台服務學習;國內高中職生則有三百八十七人赴海外體驗學習,一百五十人參加海外技能實習,總補助經費達一千二百七十六萬元。
以台南市私立聖功女中為例,今年就邀六位來自美國、英國的大學生來台服務學習,負責為期四周的高一新生英語生活營,他們不只介紹一般外國大學生日常生活、交友會話及俚語,還教學生用英文介紹家人、讀報、點餐、欣賞電影、讀劇本、說故事。
聖功女中老師竇景麗表示,外國大學生年紀與台灣高中生相仿,也更「談得來」,學生很快就從面對外國人的緊張解放,把國小、國中學過的英文都一點一滴慢慢用出來,成效特別好。
http://etweb.tp.edu.tw/epa/paper_show.aspx?EDM=EPS200912072001580KH
為增進高中職生的國際視野,教育部今年起推動國外大學生來台服務。教育部中部辦公室表示,明年開始,還要推動國際視野融入各科課程,讓高中職生進行國際交流時,更了解要學什麼,並向外國學生介紹台灣文化與教育特色。
教育部中部辦公室科長蔡志明表示,學生要具備國際交流能力,絕對不只是會講英文就夠了,更要了解台灣文化及教育特色,才能向外國人介紹。
蔡志明舉例,學生要向外國人介紹台灣技職教育特色,首先要了解我們的學制與外國有何不同?那些類科最有發展潛力?如雲林斗六的維多利亞高中,還教學生如何向外國人介紹台灣的布袋戲,屏東的鳳新高中、屏東女中也要推動融入課程。
教育部訂定「增進高級中等學校學生國際視野方案」,從今年起推動國外學生來台交流、國內高中職生赴海外交流,今年就有四百五十九位外國學生來台訪問研習,六十七人來台服務學習;國內高中職生則有三百八十七人赴海外體驗學習,一百五十人參加海外技能實習,總補助經費達一千二百七十六萬元。
以台南市私立聖功女中為例,今年就邀六位來自美國、英國的大學生來台服務學習,負責為期四周的高一新生英語生活營,他們不只介紹一般外國大學生日常生活、交友會話及俚語,還教學生用英文介紹家人、讀報、點餐、欣賞電影、讀劇本、說故事。
聖功女中老師竇景麗表示,外國大學生年紀與台灣高中生相仿,也更「談得來」,學生很快就從面對外國人的緊張解放,把國小、國中學過的英文都一點一滴慢慢用出來,成效特別好。
國際教育 借鏡英國經驗
國際教育 借鏡英國經驗
http://etweb.tp.edu.tw/epa/paper_show.aspx?EDM=EPS20091203210614BEX
教育部上個月率團赴英國訪視國際教育,發現英國將國際教育納為教育的重要一環,重視學生主動探索世界的能力。國立臺灣師大教育政策與行政研究所長黃乃熒表示,很多人以為國際教育是有錢人的遊戲,英國卻將國際教育視為「追求教育機會均等」和「關懷弱勢」的具體實踐。
另外,教育部預定十日和十一日舉行「國際教育實務研討工作坊」,將海外參訪心得介紹給中小學,課程內容包括海外和國內中小學推動國際教育的情形,藉由比較各國作法的差異,激盪出教學行動方案,希望能夠融合中西優點,發展適合臺灣的國際教育推展模式。
國中小3成男生不閱讀 高出女生1倍
國中小3成男生不閱讀 高出女生1倍
http://etweb.tp.edu.tw/epa/paper_show.aspx?EDM=EPS20091205192554YJH
《親子天下雜誌》調查顯示,近三成國中小男學生不愛讀課外書,比例高出女生一倍;百分之十二點一男學生從不主動閱讀課外書,顯示閱讀興趣不如女生,是未來推動閱讀習慣的目標。
天下雜誌教育基金會與台北縣政府合作,昨天在北縣府舉辦「二○○九國際閱讀教育論壇」。親子天下雜誌總編輯何琦瑜在報告「台灣國中小學生閱讀意向調查」時,提出上述數據。調查顯示,百分之三十四點五國小生常主動閱讀課外書籍,但到國中時數據下降至百分之二十八點八;此外,百分之四十四點一家長沒有經常閱讀的習慣,何琦瑜說,家長是學生重要的閱讀推手,但並非良好的閱讀典範。
另外,何琦瑜表示,數據也顯示,學生不喜歡寫閱讀心得,她建議老師可以思考另一種引起學生閱讀興趣的方式。
何琦瑜說,提升學生閱讀習慣的方法,首重引起學生興趣及動機,尤其是「搶救」男學生閱讀習慣。
天下雜誌群調查中心說,本次報告為抽樣全國中小學,並以郵寄發放問卷調查。抽樣對象為國小四年級、國中二年級男女學生。國小生發出二千三百份問卷,回收一千九百五十九份有效問卷,回收率百分之八十五;國中生發出二千七百六十份問卷,回收二千三百二十五份有效問卷,回收率百分之八十四。
http://etweb.tp.edu.tw/epa/paper_show.aspx?EDM=EPS20091205192554YJH
《親子天下雜誌》調查顯示,近三成國中小男學生不愛讀課外書,比例高出女生一倍;百分之十二點一男學生從不主動閱讀課外書,顯示閱讀興趣不如女生,是未來推動閱讀習慣的目標。
天下雜誌教育基金會與台北縣政府合作,昨天在北縣府舉辦「二○○九國際閱讀教育論壇」。親子天下雜誌總編輯何琦瑜在報告「台灣國中小學生閱讀意向調查」時,提出上述數據。調查顯示,百分之三十四點五國小生常主動閱讀課外書籍,但到國中時數據下降至百分之二十八點八;此外,百分之四十四點一家長沒有經常閱讀的習慣,何琦瑜說,家長是學生重要的閱讀推手,但並非良好的閱讀典範。
另外,何琦瑜表示,數據也顯示,學生不喜歡寫閱讀心得,她建議老師可以思考另一種引起學生閱讀興趣的方式。
何琦瑜說,提升學生閱讀習慣的方法,首重引起學生興趣及動機,尤其是「搶救」男學生閱讀習慣。
天下雜誌群調查中心說,本次報告為抽樣全國中小學,並以郵寄發放問卷調查。抽樣對象為國小四年級、國中二年級男女學生。國小生發出二千三百份問卷,回收一千九百五十九份有效問卷,回收率百分之八十五;國中生發出二千七百六十份問卷,回收二千三百二十五份有效問卷,回收率百分之八十四。
英文第三冊第八課課文解說
8 It Pays to Advertise
花錢廣告很值得
☆教學目標
1. 藉由研讀英文廣告標語,使學生了解其對商品的重要性與廣告標語本身設計的巧妙性。
2. 學習並活用本課單字、片語,並介紹不定代名詞Some.... Others.... Still others....及使役動詞have/make + O + OC (Vpp)的用法。
3. 教導學生如何用英文來說服或勸說(persuading)他人進行某事。
4. 鼓勵學生發揮想像力與創意,自創響亮的廣告標語。
☆本課導讀
一則好的廣告可以深植人心,也可以讓產品價值提升、增加產品銷售量。在語言、圖像與音樂三大廣告成分之中,本課以廣告語言中的標語(slogan)來探討如何在最小的篇幅中,發揮文字的最大力量,以抓住消費者的心,達到說服的目的。
本課前兩段藉著Nike 利用其廣告標語 "Just Do It" 打敗強勁對手Reebok ,並鞏固其在運動用品不敗地位的例子,說明廣告標語對產品的重要性。文中並列舉了其他有創意或具有說服力的廣告標語,像是炸雞廣告 "Finger lickin' good"、美容塑身廣告 "Trust me, you can make it!"、漢堡廣告 "Have it your way",一再顯示廣告中文字標語的重要性。最後作者藉由提問學生一個有關電話簿的廣告標語 "Let your fingers do the walking." 背後的涵義,來激盪學生的想像力與創意。
在進行本課時,教師可以引導學生比較出現在路邊的看板、公車車體廣告,或是電視、廣播上所聽到、看到的廣告標語,引發學生思考廣告在小小的篇幅或短短的時間內所發揮的文字力量與創意。
Warm-up
1. 本課的課前活動第一部分,教師可以先利用這六件學生日常生活中常接觸到的商品圖片,與相對的廣告標語做配對活動。
2. 第二部分則可由教師提問學生,在生活周遭是否有其他印象深刻的廣告標語。為了讓學生有更多思考的空間,標語可以不限英文。
3. 若是時間許可,教師可以事先分組,請同學在課前各找兩組中、英文標語。讓學生做完第一部分的活動後,再分組上臺分享他們所蒐集到的資料,並分析這些標語本身設計的巧妙性。
參考解答
II.
Chinese
English
達美樂,打了沒?
(達美樂披薩)
Connecting People
(Nokia)
什麼都有,什麼都賣,什麼都不奇怪!
(Yahoo!奇摩拍賣)
Obey Your Thirst
(雪碧)
它抓得住我!
(Konica軟片)
Keep Walking
(Johnnie Walker)
全家就是你家
(全家便利商店)
We Share.
(中國人壽)
再忙,也要和你喝杯咖啡(雀巢咖啡)
SHIFT_the future
(Nissan)
Reading
在1980年代 ,Nike運動用品公司面臨了一個問題。他們正和對手Reebok競爭,所以他們需要一個嶄新的廣告來吸引更多顧客。某天在會議中,他們廣告公司的一位員工正告訴Nike的經理們,他有多崇拜他們的公司。「你們這些Nike人,只管做就對了。」他說道。突然間,所有的經理和廣告公司職員停止談話並相互對望著。他們找到了那完美的廣告標語!
1. They were struggling against their
competitor, ...a new advertisement to attract more customers.
(1) struggle against/with 與…競爭
‧Tony and Jim were struggling against each other to be the winner in the race.
(2) to attract more customers為不定詞片語,用來表「目的」。
2. ...was telling the Nike managers how much
he admired their company.
在此句中,the Nike managers作為tell 的間接受詞,而how引導的名詞子句作為tell的直接受詞。
3. Suddenly, all the managers...looked at one another.
(1) suddenly = all of a sudden = all at once 突然地
(2) one another 用於指稱二者以上的人或事物的相互關係;each other 則用在二者之間的相互關係。例:
‧The class gave one another gifts on Christmas Eve.
‧After Jay moved to America, he and his girlfriend often talked to each other on the phone.
4. They had just found the perfect advertising slogan!
這裡用過去完成式表示當那位員工說出 "You Nike guys, you just do it."這句話的當下,大家也同時發現到這句完美的標語,之後大家突然停止說話並互相對看。過去完成式通常會和just, already, lately等副詞連用。例:
‧By eight o'clock, the student had already studied history for three hours.
他們的新標語──「做就對了」,幫助Nike成為一家大型國際公司,而且從那時起,他們就一直使用它。它是一個充滿決心與熱情,可以激勵人心的標語。它意味著任何人,不僅僅是專業運動員,皆可從事各式運動,並保持強健、活躍與健康。在使用這個標語達十二個月後,Nike 已經為他們的知名運動鞋增加了市場占有率。
1. ...make Nike a big international company, and they have used it ever since.
(1) make Nike a big international company
句型分析
make + O + OC (Adj/N) 使…成為…
不完全及物動詞make接了受詞之後,須再接名詞或形容詞,作其受詞補語,句意才會完整。詳細用法請參見第二冊第四課句型解析一。例:
‧Technology makes our lives more convenient.
‧John's idea made the plan a successful one.
(2) ever since表「自從…以後就一直」。主要子句多使用完成式。例:
‧Henry has been sad ever since he broke up with his girlfriend.
2. It is an inspiring slogan full of....
→ It is an inspiring slogan which/that is full of....
此為由關係子句省略而來的形容詞片語,修飾先行詞an inspiring slogan。
好的廣告標語可以留存在人們的記憶達數十年。有一些廣告標語是有創意的,有一些是具有說服力的,還有一些是滑稽有趣的。有一個創意標語的例子,或許困擾著世界各地的英文老師,但這標語「●指回味」卻是個非常成功的案例。當然,它不是真的表示人們應該把他們的手指,放進他們的嘴巴裡。相反地,它使人們想起吃炸雞的美味。當然,"lickin'" 是 "licking" 這個字的縮寫。當有些字說得很快時,最後一個 "g" 的發音常常不是很清楚,就好比 "lovin'"這個字。
1. remain in one's memory表「停留在某人的記憶」。例:
‧The song has remained in my memory after hearing it for the first time.
2. Some are creative. Others are persuasive. Still others are funny.
此不定代名詞的用法,為描述多數對象時,僅挑其中三組來說明之句型,詳細用法請參見本課句型解析一。
3. "Finger lickin' good" 為代表肯德基的廣告標語。肯德基的創始者哈蘭‧桑德斯運用了十一種配料,研發出現今風靡全球的肯德基炸雞。桑德斯於美國南部的肯德基州設立了他的第一家炸雞店。
4. ...it reminds people of the good taste....
remind sb of sth 表示「使某人想起某事」。例:
‧This movie reminds him of his hometown.
remind 另可當「提醒」解。例:
‧My mother reminded me to bring an umbrella in case it would rain.
而具有說服力的廣告標語例子是由一家美容院所創造的。他們的廣告標榜「相信我,你可以成功!」這非常巧妙,因為許多女性都會懷疑美容治療是否真能改善她們的容貌。因為這則標語,她們不但信任這家美容院,而且也更有信心她們會變美麗。
1. ...is by a beauty salon.
此句by前面省略了made一字,表示「由…所創作」。例:
‧The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain is a very famous and interesting novel.
2. Their ad says, "Trust me, you can make it!"
(1) 當說明廣告或招牌的內容時,通常用say或read來作其動詞。同樣地,諺語、故事或報導也可用這二個動詞。例:
‧The sign on the wall says, "No Smoking."
(2) "Trust me, you can make it!"是由美容機構媚登峰在1996年所帶動的廣告標語。此標語為當時的臺灣帶來一股美容瘦身的風潮,也為當時臺灣的美容機構帶來蓬勃的發展。此標語並分別獲得廣告流行金句獎第三、四屆的金獎,以及第五屆的永恆金句獎。
3. ...many women doubt [whether beauty treatments can...].
此句中,由 whether 引導的子句作為doubt 的受詞,且whether在此可用if取代。例:
‧Many people doubt if the plan will be a success.
4. ...they not only trust the beauty salon, but they also have more confidence [that they will be beautiful].
(1) not only...but also... 不但…而且…
此為對等連接詞,用來連接詞性相同的兩個詞組。例:
‧Mr. Chou is not only a teacher but also a writer.
(2) confidence後的that子句為其同位語,用來說明confidence的內容。
…其他說服性的標語包括「隨你的意」,來自於一家速食餐廳的廣告。這個廣告將他們新鮮、為顧客量身訂做的漢堡,和其競爭對手預先做好的漢堡做比較。「隨你的意」是指你可以要求變化,像是多一些番茄切片或是少一些洋蔥切片,因為漢堡是專門為你製作的。另一則歷久彌堅的標語,則來自一家連鎖花商。標語為 「以花語傳遞」。人們送花有很多的理由,但不論訊息為何,這廣告表示花是一種理想的溝通方式。
5. "Have it your way"是漢堡王於1974年所開創的廣告標語。漢堡王當時甫推出新的餐點──華堡(Whopper),由於其配料豐富,因此提供顧客依個人喜好,要求漢堡配料變化的服務。此舉有別於大部分速食店追求標準、快速,卻難滿足顧客個人喜好不同的需求,也是當時同業中唯一提供此項服務的速食業者。
6. This ad compares their hamburgers [, which are...customer], with their competitors' [, which are...].
(1) compare A with B 比較A與B
‧I compared Mike's watch with mine, and I found they were similar.
(2) ...their hamburgers, which...
句型分析
N, who/whom/which...,
本句which 引導非限定的關係子句修飾其先行詞their hamburgers 和their competitor's。詳細用法請參見第二冊第七課句型解析二。例:
‧Mr. Wang, who is talking with Amy, is a doctor.
(3) their competitors'為their competitors' hamburgers所省略而來的獨立所有格。
7. stand在此表示「經得起(困難、考驗等)」。例:
‧Shakespeare's plays have stood the test of time and are loved by many people today.
8. "Say it with flowers"為國際花商公司Interflora的廣告標語。有鑑於新鮮花材不耐長時間運程的缺點,該公司藉由遍部全球的分公司機制,並以標語鼓勵顧客,即使相隔千里同樣能以花作為傳遞感情的媒介。
9. People have flowers sent for many reasons, ...are an ideal way to communicate.
(1) have flowers sent為have + O + OC (Vpp)的句型,此詳細用法請參見本課句型解析二。
(2) to communicate 為不定詞片語當形容詞用,修飾前面的an ideal way。
廣告標語幫助銷售產品,所以公司製作好的標語是值得的。最後,一個有趣的電話簿廣告標語寫著,「讓你的手指代步」。表面上,這沒有意義,因為你的手指並不會走路!但實際上,這是個含有產品重要訊息的成功廣告。你可以猜到它試圖要表達什麼訊息嗎?
1. pay vi. 值得,有利
‧It won't pay to sell this valuable ring passed from your dead mother.
2. "Let your fingers do the walking."
(1) 這是1964年加拿大的Yellow Pages公司為其電話簿黃頁廣告所設計的廣告標語。此標語強調黃頁廣告帶給人們的便利性,讓人們可以節省出門的時間,以手代步查詢店家號碼和店家聯絡,而不用親自走一趟。
(2) Let your fingers do....
句型分析
let + O + V
使役動詞let後面的受詞如果是「主動發出動作者」,其後可省略to,接原形動詞。詳細用法請參見第二冊第一課句型解析一。例:
‧ Don't let the dog come indoors.
(3) do the walking 是由動詞 walk 轉為動名詞後,以do作此抽象名詞的動詞。例:
‧My mom asked me to help her do the cooking.
3. Can you guess [what it's trying to say]?
what疑問詞引導間接問句,作guess的受詞。詳細用法請參見本冊第五課句型解析一。
Cultural Note 資料增補
廣告的演進
現今廣告五花八門,花招百出,但回顧其歷史,廣告的誕生是歸因於「為產品作宣傳」這個基礎。因此自從有了商品的生產和交換,如何廣而告知此商品的存在,並吸引消費者的購買慾,便成為廣告的使命。
世上最早的廣告多是經由聲音進行的,又稱「叫賣廣告」。在西方歷史上,有名的古希臘奴隸買賣,便是經由叫賣的方式來吆喝與宣傳。而在中國歷史上,早在西周時期,詩經上便記載著:古代賣糖食的小販經由吹簫管的方式,來達到宣傳效果,吸引群眾。
除了叫賣式廣告,中國歷史上另一種廣告的宣傳方式,便是「懸掛式廣告」。所謂懸掛式廣告,是指將廣告內容書寫於一般紙張或布幔上,之後再懸掛於高處,以吸引路人目光。在清明上河圖中,懸掛式廣告已隨處可見,由此可知在宋朝,懸掛式廣告已被廣泛使用。
但紙面的廣告,便要追溯至印刷術發明之後。到了十五、十六世紀,印刷術在歐洲被廣泛使用,英國人威廉‧坎克斯製作了第一幅紙面廣告並張貼於倫敦各街頭,為教會的圖書作宣傳。到了十七世紀,廣告開始出現在一些報章雜誌中。
二次世界大戰後,電視機的發明,又將廣告的歷史帶入另一個新紀元。在電視節目之間,以影像的方式呈現產品的特性,藉此達到宣傳的效果。也由於電視廣告播放效果顯著的因素,廣告商願意投資大筆金錢換購重要時段的播放權,並因而支撐電視節目的製作經費。
到了現今的網路時代,廣告的形式又更加多元化。相較於電視廣告中,消費者沒有選擇性地接收廣告的訊息;網路廣告卻需經由消費者的點閱,才能連接到廣告的主網頁。這樣的轉變,將選擇權移交回消費者手上,而如何吸引消費者點閱網路廣告,似乎也成為現今廠商亟需思考的一個問題。
補充資料
廣告流行金句獎
隨著消費意識的高漲,廣告不僅對廠商來說是個重要的行銷管道,對消費者而言,也左右了購買的偏好及動機。面對現今林林總總的廣告,在1994 年,臺灣舉辦了第一屆的廣告流行金句獎。此獎項主要是針對廣告中的標語所設計的一個獎項。藉由此獎項的頒發,我們似乎也不難發現,好的標語為一個廣告所帶來的正面影響。
這個獎項的頒發,是由廣告主、媒體、廣告業聯合推薦作品,再經由消費者直接投票,選出得獎名單。將決定權回歸消費者這樣的作法,一方面是希望能明確傳達消費者對廣告的觀點,另一方面也希望能藉此鼓勵廣告主發揮創意,多多創造可以吸引消費者目光的廣告標語。
至2001年開始,同一主辦單位更舉辦了「學生廣告流行語金句獎」選拔活動。藉由這個活動,鼓勵新世代的年輕族群勇於發想,發揮創意,更期許培養下個廣告流行標語的創造者!有關「廣告流行金句獎」其他相關資料,可參考下列網站:
http://www.brain.com.tw/basa12/index.htm
Post-reading Activities
III. Topics for Discussion
參考解答
1.
I think the slogan means that people can get the phone numbers or addresses they want by flipping through the telephone directory. With their fingers, they can find the phone numbers that they want and call instead of going to the stores in person.
2.
I think simple and inspiring slogans make advertisements successful. "Just Do It" and "Impossible Is Nothing" are easy to remember and can inspire people to believe that they can do better if they go for it. In addition, creativity should be part of a good advertisement. Take "Let your fingers do the walking" for example. Instead of walking out, you can just flip through the telephone directory with your fingers and get what you want. Moreover, if the words in the advertisements are played wisely, they can remain in people's memories for a long time. For example, "We make other vegetables green with envy," is a good advertisement for potatoes. The Potato Board in America uses the phrase "green with envy" to express that other vegetables are very jealous of potatoes because of the flavor, nutrition and low calories of potatoes. Therefore, a good advertisement plays an important role in selling a product.
Vocabulary, Idioms and Phrases
I. Words for Production
1. advertise
(1) vi. 登廣告
字詞搭配
advertise for 登廣告徵求…
‧Our school is advertising for English teachers in the local newspaper.
(2) vt. 為…做廣告
字詞搭配
advertise (sth) in a newspaper/on TV 在報紙/電視上廣告
‧The department store is advertising its summer sale on TV.
advertisement n. [C] 廣告(縮寫為ad)
字詞搭配
put/place an advertisement 登廣告
a classified/full-page/job advertisement 分類/全版/職缺廣告
‧The company put an advertisement in the paper for new employees.
‧I am going to place a full-page advertisement for my missing dog.
字詞辨義
advertisement包括很多種形式,舉凡出現在電視或廣播中的廣告(commercial),張貼在牆上的圖片海報(poster)、街上發的傳單(flyer)、信件中夾雜的垃圾郵件(junk mail),或印在書封底上的內容簡介(blurb),都是在ads的範圍之內。
advertising n. [U] 廣告
‧Joyce has a job in advertising as a creative editor.
2. employee n. [C] 受雇者
字詞搭配
full-time/part-time employee 全職/兼職員工
junior/senior employee 資淺/資深員工
‧Full-time employees in this company are supposed to work eight hours a day.
‧Alice is a junior employee. She has worked in this company for only a month.
employ vt.
(1) 雇用
字詞搭配
employ sb as sth 雇用某人為…
‧The boss employed Jim as an engineer.
(2) 運用(方法、技術、策略等)
‧We successfully employed the new device to produce electricity.
employer n. [C] 雇主
字源
部分動詞後加"-er"表示動作的施加者,加"-ee"表示接受者,如本課的employ (雇用) 加上er成為雇主,加上ee成為受雇者。其他的例子有:
addresser (寄件者) & addressee (收信人)
interviewer (訪問者) & interviewee (受訪者)
employment n. [U] 職業,工作
字詞搭配
in employment 在業,有工作
out of employment 失業
‧Among all the people in employment in
Taiwan, a lot of them are foreign laborers.
‧My brother has been out of employment for
two years. He is still looking for a job now.
3. admire vt. 欽佩,欣賞
字詞搭配
admire sb for sth 欣賞某人某事
‧Louis is much admired for his hard work on his job.
admiration n. [U] 欽佩,欣賞
字詞搭配
have/feel admiration for sb 對某人懷有欽佩之意
in/with admiration 敬佩地
‧Many people feel admiration for Master Cheng Yen.
‧The tourists looked at the paintings of Picasso in admiration.
admirable adj. 令人欽佩的,值得讚賞的
‧The activity is truly admirable for its careful design.
admirer n. [C] 愛慕者
‧Judy, the most beautiful girl in our school, has many secret admirers (暗戀者).
4. staff n. [C] (usu. sing.)全體職員
字詞辨義
staff為集合名詞,當將全體職員視為一個整體時,用單數動詞;但若看作團體內的個別成員時,則用複數動詞。例:
‧The staff in the shop is very helpful.
‧There are five hundred staff in this company.
6. passion n. [U] 熱情
字詞搭配
with passion 熱情地
passion for... 對…熱愛
‧The two lovers kissed with passion.
‧The player's passion for baseball makes him an outstanding pitcher in his team.
passionate adj. 熱情的
‧Before leaving for Japan, Tim gave his girlfriend a passionate kiss.
7. fit
(1) adj. 健壯的,健康的
字詞搭配
keep/stay fit 保持強健
‧To keep physically fit, people in the city like to exercise in the gym.
(2) adj.合適的(= suitable)
‧He is not fit for the job because he doesn't have any experience of it.
(3) vt. 合身
‧The dress exactly fits you; it seems to be designed for you.
(4) vi.適合,容得下
‧The gift is tiny enough to fit in the box.
8. active adj. 活躍的(相反詞:inactive)
字詞搭配
be active in (doing) sth 積極參與(做)某事
‧People in this community are active in
community services.
9. increase (相反詞:decrease)
(1) vt. 使增加
‧The landlord will increase my rent next month.
(2) vi. 增加,增大
字詞搭配
increase by 增加…(百分比)比率
increase with 隨著…增加
‧My salary from this month is going to increase by 20%.
‧The rate of having this disease increases with age.
(3) n. [C][U] 增加
字詞搭配
increase in …方面增加
be on the increase = be increasing 增加中
‧With the increase in oil price, the living expenses also arise.
‧The number of drug addicts is on the increase.
10. remain為一不完全不及物動詞(連綴動詞),之後須接補語,使意思完整。
(1) vi. 留存,留下
‧The past happiness seems to remain in the old lady's memory forever.
(2) vi. 保持(…的狀態)
‧Please let the windows remain open. It's too hot inside.
12. persuasive adj. 有說服力的
‧The audience all agreed on the plan because of Mr. Brown's persuasive speech.
persuade vt. 說服
字詞搭配
persuade sb to do sth 說服某人去做某事
persuade sb into/out of (doing) sth 說服/勸退某人做某事
‧Pablo finally was persuaded to take the job.
‧I must persuade Henry out of taking Jimmy's stupid idea.
persuasion n. [U] 說服,勸退
‧I didn't use much persuasion and my boss accepted my plan.
13. annoy vt. 惹惱,使生氣
‧It annoyed me to think how much time we had wasted on the plan.
字詞辨義
表「使煩惱」時,annoy、bother及trouble意近,但annoy強調「因一時難以忍受而失去耐心、生氣煩惱」。而bother著重「因瑣事干擾而使人厭煩」,有時指「使人略為不安」,並含有「迷惑、擔心」之意。至於trouble為「給人身心上帶來痛苦或行動上帶來不便」之意。
annoyed adj. 感到生氣的(用來修飾人)
‧The teacher was annoyed by David's rude behavior.
annoying adj. 令人覺得生氣的(用來修飾事物)
‧It's annoying that my roommate often makes a lot of noise at midnight.
14. worldwide
(1) adv. 全世界地,在世界各地
*同義詞*
all over/across/throughout the world, the world over
(2) adj. 遍及全世界的
‧The worldwide company has its branches all over the world.
16. naturally adv. 當然;自然地
‧I didn't dye my hair. It's naturally brown.
natural
(1) adj. 自然的,天然的(相反詞:artificial)
字詞搭配
die from natural causes (非意外造成的)自然死亡
natural resource/disaster 自然資源/災害
‧My grandfather died from natural causes.
‧Protecting natural resources is everyone's business.
(2) adj. 天生的,有天賦的
字詞搭配
natural talent 天生的才能
natural-born 與生俱來的
‧The girl has a natural talent for music.
‧Jason is a natural-born singer; everyone admires his voice.
nature
(1) n. [U] 大自然,自然界(= Nature)
‧When you live in the countryside, it's easy to find out the wonders of nature.
(2) [C][U] (人或動物的)天性,本性
‧Cindy has an easygoing nature and
everybody likes her.
‧Love and hatred are all human nature.
17. improve vt.; vi. 改善
‧The new technique that Mike taught me has helped me improve my English.
‧Because of hard work, her living condition is improving.
improvement
(1) n. [C][U] 改善,改進
字詞搭配
make a improvement in 改善…
room for improvement …有改善的空間
‧Ally has made a great improvement in her math.
‧Your report is much better, but there is still room for improvement.
(2) n. [C] 已改進之處;被改進的事物
‧I think this model is an improvement over the last one.
18. appearance
(1) n. [C][U] 外表,外觀
字詞搭配
judge sb/sth by one's/its appearance
以外表決定…
‧Don't judge a person by his appearance.
(2) n. [C] (usu. sing.)出現;來到
‧Jerry's sudden appearance at the party
surprised every one.
appear
(1) vi. 看來好像,似乎(= seem)
為一不完全不及物動詞(連綴動詞),之後須接補語,意思才完整。例:
‧Frank appeared unhappy about the test result.
(2) vi. 出現,呈現
‧Jimmy didn't appear until the meeting was going to the end.
19. compare
(1) vt. 比較
字詞搭配
compare A with/to B 比較A與B
compared with/to 與…相比
‧If you compare this cup with that one, you will find this one is more delicate.
‧Though your car is old, it is new compared with mine.
(2) vt. 比喻
字詞搭配
compare A to B 將A比喻為B
‧In this poem, light is compared to God.
comparison n. [U][C] 比較
字詞搭配
in comparison with/to 和…比較起來
draw/make a comparison between... 作比較
beyond/without comparison 無與倫比的
‧In comparison with the black dress, the red one fits you better.
‧This article makes a comparison between Paris and New York.
‧Ariel is a lovely girl; her beauty is beyond comparison.
20. whatever
(1) pron. 無論什麼(= no matter what)
為複合關係代名詞,引導表示「讓步」的副詞子句。例:
‧Whatever you do, I will be by your side.
→ No matter what you do, I will be by your side.
(2) pron. 任何…都(= anything that)
同樣為複合關係代名詞,但引導的是名詞子句。例:
‧You can do whatever you want.
21. communicate
(1) vi. 交流(思想、感情、信息等)
字詞搭配
communicate with... 和…交談/聯繫
‧Many teenagers often complain that they can't communicate with their parents well.
(2) vt. 把(思想、感情、信息等)傳達給…
字詞搭配
communicate sth to sb 和某人溝通某事
‧Maybe you should communicate your ideas to your friends, or they will never understand.
communication n. [U] (思想、感情、信息等的)交流
字詞搭配
communication skills 溝通技巧
means of communication 通訊工具
be in communication with... 與…有聯絡
‧I haven't been in communication with Joyce since we graduated from senior high school.
II. Words for Recognition
1. Nike n. 耐吉(運動用品牌名)
耐吉是一家美國體育用品商,主要生產運動鞋、運動服裝及體育相關用品等,其總部設於華盛頓郡。耐吉這個名稱,來自希臘神話的勝利女神Nike 。在希臘神話中,Nike不僅象徵戰爭的勝利,也特指在競技及體育領域上的成功,因此她被認為是帶來好運的神祇,經常作為藝術作品所表現的對象。在藝術作品中,她通常同化於其他的神,例如古希臘的雕塑家通常將她塑造為嬌小帶有翅膀的形象,棲停於另一個神的手臂,或是從同伴神的衣裳中探出,或者像仙女一樣高飛於天空。
3. Reebok n. 銳步(運動用品牌名)
銳步是一家英裔美商公司,主要生產體育相關用品。公司創建於1895年。原名為Mercury Sports,在1960年,改名為Reebok。公司在2006年,正式被愛迪達(Adidas)收購合併。
4. market share n. [U] 市場占有率
由市場占有率可比較同類產品在市場銷售量的好壞。
5. sneaker n. [C] (usu. pl.)運動鞋
‧My mother bought a pair of sneakers as my birthday present.
6. contraction n. [C] 縮寫形
字詞辨義
abbreviation是將較長的字詞以縮寫點縮短,代替原字,發音和原字同。如:
doctor → Dr.; for example → e.g.。而contraction則是指以省略符號(')來縮短字詞,發音會有所改變。如:cannot → can't; does not → doesn't。
7. beauty salon n. [C] 美容院
在十七世紀的法國,政商名流流行聚集在沙龍中,藉由交談和閱讀來增長和精鍊智慧。談論的範圍包含藝術、政治、文學或是娛樂等話題。而當代沙龍的意義,多是指替顧客做頭髮、修指甲的美容院。
11. telephone directory n. [C] 電話簿
(= phone book)
在一般的電話簿中,有分白頁(white pages)和黃頁(yellow pages)。其中白頁部分是刊載私人電話、地址等;而黃頁部分則是刊載公司或組織的電話、地址甚至服務品項的種類。
III. Idioms and Phrases
1. ever since 此後,從那時起一直
此片語主要子句須用完成式,從屬子句須用過去式。
‧I haven't not heard anything about Annie ever since she left for Japan.
2. make it
(1) 取得成功
‧It's a good news that Adam finally made it. His experiment turns out to be a success.
(2) 趕上時間
‧I just made it in time for the meeting.
3. in advance 事先,預先
*同義詞*
beforehand
‧It's better to make preparations for the game in advance.
4. on the surface 表面上
‧Though on the surface, the question seems simple. In fact, it is very complicated.
5. make sense 有意義,合理
‧It makes great sense for the police to protect themselves when being attacked.
6. in reality 實際上,事實上
*同義詞*
actually, in fact, as a matter of fact
‧Though John said he stayed home all day yesterday, in reality, he went to the movies.
Grammar in Use
1. Some.... Others.... Still others....
此句型為不定代名詞的用法,當全體歸納成的類別不止三組,但舉例時,只提其中三組且還有其他組未提及時,就可使用此句型。例:
‧People in Taiwan have different religious beliefs. Some (people) believe in Buddhism. Others believe in Daoism. Still others are Christians.
如果還有時間,教師可補充下列用法:
(1) 教師可先利用下列表格讓學生熟悉「不定代名詞」的意義:
單數
複數
不定
one (一個)
another (其他不特定一個)
some (一些)
others (其他不特定幾個)
特(限)定
the other (剩下特定一個)
the others (剩下特定全部)
以直列的單數看來,當全體只有三個時,第一個被數到的為one,另一個未特定指哪一個,所以用another (另一個),而剩下的最後一個,就是特定剩下的那一個,所以用the other。就如同第一冊第四課曾提及 "One.... Another.... The other...."的句型,中譯為「一…另一…還有一…」。當要介紹三個人或三件事物逐一舉例時,便可使用。例:
‧I have three pairs of sneakers. One (pair) is Nike. Another (pair) is Reebok. The other (pair) is New Balance.
(2) 另外,教師可以跟學生補充,當所指的眾多對象只歸類成三大組來說明時,就須使用下列的句型"Some.... Others.... The others...."。例:
‧The teacher divided the class into three groups. Some students were to clean the classroom. Others were to clean the toilets. The others were asked to clean the gym.
*句型練習補充:
A. 利用句型"Some.... Others.... Still others...."回答下列問題。
1. What colors are the flowers in the basket? (red; blue; yellow)
→ ____________________________________
2. What are the students in the classroom doing? (sleeping; chatting; reading)
→____________________________________
3. Where do the products in the shop come from? (from Japan; from America; from Europe)
→____________________________________
4. What are those things on the table? (pens; books; pieces of paper)
→____________________________________
5. Who sent you all these postcards? (from Joyce; from Eric; from Lily)
→____________________________________
B.
利用"Some.... Others.... Still others...."的句型和提示字完成下列段落。
Last night, my family went to Yung-kang Street (永康街). Interestingly, we saw many foreigners from different countries. 1____________________________________ (from Japan; from the U.S.; from Philippines) My father said it was because the stores on this street offered them many entertainments. 2____________________________________ (sell clothes; sell delicious food; sell beautiful gifts) Among all of these stores, we saw one shop selling shaved ice (刨冰). It was full of people. Therefore, we went there, too. Customers there could choose different toppings. 3____________________________________ (choose fruit; choose sauce; choose tapioca balls) All of my family chose differently and enjoyed it very much. Then, we went to a small park to take a walk. Amazingly, there were many dogs. 4____________________________________ (beagles; poodles; golden retrievers) Their masters were also there. 5____________________________________ (playing with their dogs; chatting; eating snacks) My father said many people walked their dogs and made friends with one another by the way. What an interesting experience!
C.
請利用單複數與不定或特定代名詞的觀念,從下列6個字中挑出正確的答案,填入空格內。(每字可重複出現)
one some another
others the other the others
1. __________ of my parents likes outdoor activities while __________ just enjoys reading at home.
2. There are ten students in the classroom. __________ is a girl and __________ are boys.
3. People have different tastes in movies. __________ like romance, and __________ enjoy sci-fi movies.
4. This morning, __________ of my classmates were late, but __________ all arrived at school on time.
5. Ten people took a vote on the proposal. __________ were for it. __________ were against it. And __________ had no opinions.
6. You can join various kinds of activities in the camp. __________ are for physical training. __________ are for intellectual training. __________ can help you improve your relationship with others.
參考解答
A.
1. Some are red. Others are blue. Still others are yellow.
2. Some are sleeping. Others are chatting. Still others are reading.
3. Some are from Japan. Others are from America. Still others are from Europe.
4. Some are pens. Others are books. Still others are pieces of paper.
5. Some were from Joyce. Others were from Eric. Still others were from Lily.
B.
1. Some were from Japan. Others were from the U.S. Still others were from Philippines.
2. Some sold clothes. Others sold delicious food. Still others sold beautiful gifts.
3. Some chose fruit. Others chose sauce. Still others chose tapioca balls.
4. Some were beagles. Others were poodles. Still others were golden retrievers.
5. Some were playing with their dogs. Others were chatting. Still others were eating snacks.
C.
1. One, the other 2. One, the others
3. Some, others 4. some, the others
5. Some, Others, the others
6. Some, Others, Still others
2. have/make + O + OC (Vpp)
此句型介紹使役動詞have與make的用法,之前在第二冊第一課句型一已經介紹過當使役動詞後接的受詞為「主動發出動作者」時,其後可省略to,接原形動詞。例:
‧If you happen to meet Simon, have him call me.
‧Do to others as you would have them do to you.
‧The sad news made everyone burst into tears.
‧My parents won't let me travel alone to New York City.
因此,若使役動詞have和make後的受詞為「被動接受動作者」時,其後須接過去分詞作其受詞補語。例:
‧I will have my hair cut tomorrow.
‧Father will have our house painted this weekend.
‧My mother had the dishes washed last night.
‧I made my clothes washed this morning.
‧The speaker couldn't make himself heard above the noise.
*句型練習補充:
A. 請根據語意,將括號內的動詞做適當的變化。
1. Nancy had her bike __________ (fix) by her brother.
2. My father went to the bank to make his checks __________ (cash).
3. My mom had my room __________ (clean) yesterday.
4. I had the package __________ (send) this afternoon.
5. His stupid behavior made himself __________ (be) laughed at.
B. 請根據語意,選出適當的答案。
( ) 1. My tooth hurt so much. The doctor suggested I have it out.
(A) pull (B) to pull
(C) pulled (D) pulling
( ) 2. After working day and night for two days, we had the work .
(A) do (B) to do (C) did (D) done
( ) 3. The policeman made the dogs the thief.
(A) catch (B) to catch
(C) catching (D) caught
( ) 4. He is not good at expressing himself, so he often can't make himself by his friends.
(A) understand (B) to understand
(C) understanding (D) understood
( ) 5. The woman had the lost child her cell phone to call his parents.
(A) use (B) to use
(C) using (D) used
( ) 6. The police had the missing child within a few hours.
(A) find (B) found
(C) finding (D) to find
( ) 7. Kevin had his wallet at the night market.
(A) steal (B) to steal
(C) stealing (D) stolen
( ) 8. Julia had her brother her dinner on his way home.
(A) bought (B) buy
(C) to buy (D) buying
參考解答
A.
1. fixed 2. cashed 3. cleaned
4. sent 5. been
B.
1. C 2. D 3. A 4. D
5. A 6. B 7. D 8. B
補充資料
廣告設計隨消費世代訴求而改變
當今的廣告設計,要想在激烈的市場競爭中求得生存與發展,不僅要了解人口世代劃分,同時還要認知消費者的心理與消費行為特點。
現代營銷理論提出了新的人口世代劃分觀點,出生於同一時代的人處於共同的社會、政治、歷史和經濟環境中,因而會產生相同或相似的觀念和行為。不同人口世代的消費者,其收入、興趣、愛好、消費觀念以及消費行為等各不相同,所以他們對產品、品牌也就有著不同的需求和價值體驗,成功的廣告正是將這兩者技巧性的結合起來。
以消費學的觀點來說,個體消費行為與特點主要受到三個因素的影響:(1)消費者的價值觀與信念,因為消費者的價值觀與信念反映了他們的生活觀念。(2)消費者的行為和興趣,特別是品牌(brand)能成為左右這些行為或興趣的一部分,並為消費者帶來額外的情感性利益,因為它反映了消費者的生活方式。(3)消費者期望的擁有物,它反映了消費者需求滿足感的實現。所以,針對消費者特點展開的廣告就是要找到消費者的動心之處,也就是消費者的生活觀念、興趣與價值的體現。
美國營銷界把人口劃分成三個主要世代,即二次大戰後至六○年代生育高峰的一代(Baby Boomer)、越戰到1979年的X一代(X-Generation)和新新人類或N一代(Neo-Generation)。這裡新新人類是指1980年之後出生的人,而我們的學生多屬這範疇。以下是針對Neo-Generation消費心理與因應出的廣告文化特性做一簡短分析。
A. 著重「自我」與「自立」,東西文化觀念差異越來越小
由於商品文化蓬勃發展、網路互聯、電子商務頻繁與高科技的普遍,與以前社會比較,當代的新新人類從小就習慣於影視語言和網路語言,對時尚廣告反應迅速。他們不像上一輩的人有太多傳統文化的記憶和歷史包袱。再加上少子化的影響,這一代人受到了長輩無微不至的呵護,物質生活相對比較優越。從消費心理學的角度來說,過多的呵護反倒會形成一種逆反心理,他們想要保有更多自己的空間,「自立」的意識較高。因此,成長於當今的文化環境下,新新人類在物質追求上更加注重感性化、愛電腦與上網甚於愛書,較早買車子、房子的消費觀念也早已深入其心中。也因這些生活觀念的引領,他們在消費行為上表現較大膽,在他們眼裡很少有不能做的事。
再者,冷戰之後,全球消費思潮與消費文化基本趨向大同境界。所以多數的新新人類,與世界各國同齡的人追求著共通的流行。因此,在美國紐約、法國巴黎、日本東京、韓國首爾,還是臺灣的臺北或高雄,可以看到幾乎同樣裝束的年輕世代,喜歡追求自我或標新立異地扮酷。在這一代人身上,東西方的文化差異似乎變得越來越小。
B. 當代廣告強調「創意」與「附加價值」
由於新新人類喜歡多變、刺激、新穎的生活方式,他們對商品的忠誠度一般不高。廣告設計特別是「創意」便需要新穎獨到,宣傳時就要做到有時代感和渲染力強。因為青少年對新品牌很快會厭倦而轉向其他品牌,所以要不斷地變換產品包裝和廣告形式,以保持品牌的活力和新鮮度。因此廣告產品與流行音樂、影視明星、體育明星等的結合就是一種廣告宣傳的有效方式。
選擇產品或品牌的準則,新新人類不再基於「好」或「不好」這一傳統的理性認知觀,而是更基於「喜歡」或「不喜歡」的感性情感態度觀,因為其所追求的是產品或服務能提供的一種「感覺或附加價值」。因此,在廣告中,傳播與溝通的重點是宣揚產品的品牌價值,具體的包括顯示身分或階層的象徵、美的感受、時尚與先鋒、好玩及趣味性、潮流或流行性等。
再者,要能凸顯「個性」的追求特點,使多數人對商品的情感性、誇耀性及符號性價值的要求,早已超過了商品或服務的物質性價值及使用價值。新新人類消費需求的日趨個性化與多樣化,促使現代廣告設計方向更加重視「情感滿足」與「附加價值」,勝過「機能價值」。
English Workshop
I. Useful Expressions of Persuasion (勸說)
1. 本單元提供學生表達勸說(persuasion)的常見英文用語。活動進行中,老師可提醒學生英語「勸說」(persuasion)的語氣比「建議」(advice, suggestion)來得更為強硬。但仍需保持禮貌的態度。
2. 課本範例為高二生要說服高一生加入熱舞社,因為貼切學生的校園生活,教師可先以本範例作為示範,並讓學生兩人一組練習角色扮演。
3. 若時間允許,可和同學分析對話模式,並以下面提供的二種常見情境,讓學生分組自創對話腳本,並進行口語練習。
參考對話情境:
Situation One
The class will take a trip to Danshui (淡水). Everyone in class will join the trip except for Linda. Now, the class leader James is persuading Linda to join them.
Situation Two
The school will hold an English conversation contest a month later. Vivian, who likes English very much, would like to persuade Jamie to join it with her. However, Jamie seems not so interested in this contest.
4. 如果時間許可,教師可補充下列接受或拒絕他人勸說的用語,提供給學生參考:
(1) 接受他人的勸說
‧Thanks for your suggestion. I love to.
‧Sounds great/nice/terrific.
‧What a great/terrific idea! I'd really love to.
‧Sure. That would be fun/interesting.
‧That's perfect! I'll be looking forward to it.
(2) 拒絕他人的勸說
‧Thank you/Thanks for asking, but I'm afraid I still can't go there with you/join it/buy it.
‧I'm sorry. I can't.
‧I wish I could, but I....
‧I hate to turn you down, but I must....
‧I appreciate the invitation, but I'm afraid I can't.
II. Creating a Slogan
1. 教師可以建議學生觀察自己所推薦的社團具備的特性來創造標語,並提供下列創作標語的原則予學生參考。
◎運用簡單或熟悉的字詞。
◎順口押韻。
◎簡潔有力,盡量限制在3到8個字詞之內。
◎運用主動句而不用被動句。
◎運用肯定句而不用否定句。
◎有力、鮮明、生動、幽默、富創意。
2. 除了課本的熱舞社和辯論社外,教師可以提供學生下面學校常見社團的英語名稱,讓學生個人或分組,事先在課前替自己參加過的社團創作一個響亮的廣告標語。也可要求學生融入自己創造的標語,為社團做一個簡短的英文介紹。
Names of Common Clubs
漫畫社
Comic Book Club
書法社
Calligraphy Club
繪畫社
Drawing Club
吉他社
Guitar Club
話劇社
Drama Club
廣播社
Broadcasting Club
新聞社
Journalism Club
電影社
Film Club
英語會話社
English Conversation Club
日語社
Japanese Club
手語社
Sign Language Club
籃球社
Basketball Club
網球社
Tennis Club
游泳社
Swimming Club
跆拳社
Taekwondo Club
童軍團
Scout Association
網頁設計社
Homepage Design Club
占星社
Astrology & Horoscope Club
烹飪社
Cookery Club
3. 如果還有時間,教師可進行下列建議的活動:
(1) The Ad of the Day (本日最佳廣告)
將全班同學分成6~8組不等,並由老師指定一商品,像是球鞋、飲料、修正液等,要求每一組同學都為這一指定商品想出廣告標語,然後每一組派代表上臺發表,並由教師選出最有創意者為優勝。
(2) Guessing Game (猜一猜)
由每一組同學自行選擇一商品並為其設計廣告標語,記得提醒同學不要向別組透露商品內容,然後各組派代表上臺發表其標語,並讓其他組的同學猜一下所廣告的東西是什麼,猜中最多商品的那組即為優勝者。
教師可提醒學生,不要在標語中點出商品名稱或品牌,只需描述其特質或優點即可,以增加遊戲的困難度及趣味性。
Conversation
一位推銷員正試著說服潔美購買一臺電子字典。(J =潔美,S =銷售員)
J: 我家裡已經有一本日文字典了,謝謝你。
S: 但不是電子字典,對吧?
J: 不是,但為什麼我需要一臺電子字典呢?
S: 嗯,首先,他們容易攜帶。這臺就可以放進妳的口袋。
J: 那很實用,但如果那麼小,它有充足的字彙量嗎?記住,我可是在大學唸日文,所以要學很多的字彙。
S: 它的字彙量夠多了。它儲存的字彙比任何一個「紙本」字典還多。
J: 好吧,但我通常都在家讀書,那麼擁有這一臺又有什麼意義?
S: 妳會唸妳從字典內查詢到的每一個單字嗎?
J: 不太會。我經常需要查閱無聊的發音指南。
S: 有了這一臺電子字典,妳可以查詢單字,然後一按按鈕,它就會唸這個單字,或是整個句子。妳聽…
J: 哇!這聽起來就像是真人發音。讓我試一下…
1. ...is trying to persuade Jamie to buy....
字詞搭配
persuade sb to V 說服某人做…
‧You can't persuade me to buy this car because I have no money.
2. ...it's easy to carry.
sth be easy to V表示「某事很容易…」。但若表示「對某人來說,做某事很容易」,必須要用It is easy for sb to V....的句型。例:
‧It is easy for you to finish this work in a week.
3. ...if it's so small, does it have enough words?
這句話用到直說法條件句,用來表示一般事實的陳述。
4. ...I have a lot of vocabulary to learn.
這裡的不定詞to learn為形容詞的作用,修飾前面的受詞vocabulary。
5. more than enough相當於more than is needed ,表示「夠多了」。例:
‧I can't eat anymore. I have eaten more than enough.
6. ...what's the point of getting....
What's the point of V-ing...?表示「做某事的目的為何」。例:
‧Since you have made the decision, what's the point of asking my suggestion?
7. look up表示「查閱(字典)」。
‧After looking up the word in the dictionary, I know its meaning.
8. sound like + N 表示「聽起來像…」,後面須接名詞,若表示「聽起來…」,可用另一用法"sound + Adj"。例:
‧It sounds like a good idea.
→ The idea sounds good.
S: 妳現在覺得如何呀?
J: 這用起來既好玩又有趣。這臺多少錢?
9. What do you think of it now?
字詞搭配
think of/about... 認為…
‧We think of Paul as a good leader.
‧I am thinking about moving to the countryside.
Listening Practice
本單元以配對的方式來做聽力練習。老師可建議學生在聽力練習開始前,先看一遍題目的產品圖,之後細聽聽力題目的關鍵句以幫助作答。
[聽力腳本]
A. Want a white, bright, shiny smile? It's yours if you brush with this every morning and night!
B. They smell so good and look so natural and beautiful. They make every room beautiful, and they're a perfect Valentine's Day gift!
C. It is sometimes called "plastic money." With this, you can pay your way when you travel around the world!
D. Don't know what something means? The answer is here. Just look it up!
E. With these, you can do and go! Jumping, jogging, or just walking, you're sure to stay comfortable.
☆課後練習難題解析
I. Vocabulary
1. be popular with 受…歡迎
3. compare with 和…做比較;that指的是前面提過的the development of technology。
7. play an active role in 在…中扮演活躍的角色
8. let your parents know 為 "let + O + V"的用法。
10. be famous for 因…而有名
II. Idioms and Phrases
1. so that = so 表結果。
4. what 所引導的子句作為understand的受詞。
5. "appear to be Adj" 表示「看起來…」。
III. Multiple Choice
1. 本題為關係代名詞的非限定用法,代替先行詞New York City,故選(A)。
2. 當受詞為「被動接受動作者」時,用 "have + O + OC (Vpp)"之句型,故選(D)。
5. 本題為間接問句的觀念,wh-question所引導的間接問句,主詞與be動詞或助動詞維持直述句的字序,故選(D)。
IV. Sentence-making
本大題與全民英檢初級寫作第三部分相似。老師可以請學生依大小寫與標點符號將句子大略排出後,再依句意或句型的觀念來做排列和重組。
☆其他相關參考資料
A. 相關書籍
1. 靠一行字賣翻天,田村仁著。方智出版社出版,2006。
2. 廣告說服力,呂亦欣譯。韋伯文化出版,2005。
3. 做廣告不要忽視人性,周亦龍著。海鴿文化出版,2005。
4. 廣告標語之語言風格研究,張慧美著。高雄復文圖書出版社出版,2005。
B. 相關網站
1. http://www.brain.com.tw/
(動腦雜誌)
2. http://www.commarts.com/CA/
(Communication Arts)
3. http://www.canneslions.com/
(介紹坎城廣告節)
4. http://tw-cf.com/
(台灣CF歷史資料館──廣告資料館)
花錢廣告很值得
☆教學目標
1. 藉由研讀英文廣告標語,使學生了解其對商品的重要性與廣告標語本身設計的巧妙性。
2. 學習並活用本課單字、片語,並介紹不定代名詞Some.... Others.... Still others....及使役動詞have/make + O + OC (Vpp)的用法。
3. 教導學生如何用英文來說服或勸說(persuading)他人進行某事。
4. 鼓勵學生發揮想像力與創意,自創響亮的廣告標語。
☆本課導讀
一則好的廣告可以深植人心,也可以讓產品價值提升、增加產品銷售量。在語言、圖像與音樂三大廣告成分之中,本課以廣告語言中的標語(slogan)來探討如何在最小的篇幅中,發揮文字的最大力量,以抓住消費者的心,達到說服的目的。
本課前兩段藉著Nike 利用其廣告標語 "Just Do It" 打敗強勁對手Reebok ,並鞏固其在運動用品不敗地位的例子,說明廣告標語對產品的重要性。文中並列舉了其他有創意或具有說服力的廣告標語,像是炸雞廣告 "Finger lickin' good"、美容塑身廣告 "Trust me, you can make it!"、漢堡廣告 "Have it your way",一再顯示廣告中文字標語的重要性。最後作者藉由提問學生一個有關電話簿的廣告標語 "Let your fingers do the walking." 背後的涵義,來激盪學生的想像力與創意。
在進行本課時,教師可以引導學生比較出現在路邊的看板、公車車體廣告,或是電視、廣播上所聽到、看到的廣告標語,引發學生思考廣告在小小的篇幅或短短的時間內所發揮的文字力量與創意。
Warm-up
1. 本課的課前活動第一部分,教師可以先利用這六件學生日常生活中常接觸到的商品圖片,與相對的廣告標語做配對活動。
2. 第二部分則可由教師提問學生,在生活周遭是否有其他印象深刻的廣告標語。為了讓學生有更多思考的空間,標語可以不限英文。
3. 若是時間許可,教師可以事先分組,請同學在課前各找兩組中、英文標語。讓學生做完第一部分的活動後,再分組上臺分享他們所蒐集到的資料,並分析這些標語本身設計的巧妙性。
參考解答
II.
Chinese
English
達美樂,打了沒?
(達美樂披薩)
Connecting People
(Nokia)
什麼都有,什麼都賣,什麼都不奇怪!
(Yahoo!奇摩拍賣)
Obey Your Thirst
(雪碧)
它抓得住我!
(Konica軟片)
Keep Walking
(Johnnie Walker)
全家就是你家
(全家便利商店)
We Share.
(中國人壽)
再忙,也要和你喝杯咖啡(雀巢咖啡)
SHIFT_the future
(Nissan)
Reading
在1980年代 ,Nike運動用品公司面臨了一個問題。他們正和對手Reebok競爭,所以他們需要一個嶄新的廣告來吸引更多顧客。某天在會議中,他們廣告公司的一位員工正告訴Nike的經理們,他有多崇拜他們的公司。「你們這些Nike人,只管做就對了。」他說道。突然間,所有的經理和廣告公司職員停止談話並相互對望著。他們找到了那完美的廣告標語!
1. They were struggling against their
competitor, ...a new advertisement to attract more customers.
(1) struggle against/with 與…競爭
‧Tony and Jim were struggling against each other to be the winner in the race.
(2) to attract more customers為不定詞片語,用來表「目的」。
2. ...was telling the Nike managers how much
he admired their company.
在此句中,the Nike managers作為tell 的間接受詞,而how引導的名詞子句作為tell的直接受詞。
3. Suddenly, all the managers...looked at one another.
(1) suddenly = all of a sudden = all at once 突然地
(2) one another 用於指稱二者以上的人或事物的相互關係;each other 則用在二者之間的相互關係。例:
‧The class gave one another gifts on Christmas Eve.
‧After Jay moved to America, he and his girlfriend often talked to each other on the phone.
4. They had just found the perfect advertising slogan!
這裡用過去完成式表示當那位員工說出 "You Nike guys, you just do it."這句話的當下,大家也同時發現到這句完美的標語,之後大家突然停止說話並互相對看。過去完成式通常會和just, already, lately等副詞連用。例:
‧By eight o'clock, the student had already studied history for three hours.
他們的新標語──「做就對了」,幫助Nike成為一家大型國際公司,而且從那時起,他們就一直使用它。它是一個充滿決心與熱情,可以激勵人心的標語。它意味著任何人,不僅僅是專業運動員,皆可從事各式運動,並保持強健、活躍與健康。在使用這個標語達十二個月後,Nike 已經為他們的知名運動鞋增加了市場占有率。
1. ...make Nike a big international company, and they have used it ever since.
(1) make Nike a big international company
句型分析
make + O + OC (Adj/N) 使…成為…
不完全及物動詞make接了受詞之後,須再接名詞或形容詞,作其受詞補語,句意才會完整。詳細用法請參見第二冊第四課句型解析一。例:
‧Technology makes our lives more convenient.
‧John's idea made the plan a successful one.
(2) ever since表「自從…以後就一直」。主要子句多使用完成式。例:
‧Henry has been sad ever since he broke up with his girlfriend.
2. It is an inspiring slogan full of....
→ It is an inspiring slogan which/that is full of....
此為由關係子句省略而來的形容詞片語,修飾先行詞an inspiring slogan。
好的廣告標語可以留存在人們的記憶達數十年。有一些廣告標語是有創意的,有一些是具有說服力的,還有一些是滑稽有趣的。有一個創意標語的例子,或許困擾著世界各地的英文老師,但這標語「●指回味」卻是個非常成功的案例。當然,它不是真的表示人們應該把他們的手指,放進他們的嘴巴裡。相反地,它使人們想起吃炸雞的美味。當然,"lickin'" 是 "licking" 這個字的縮寫。當有些字說得很快時,最後一個 "g" 的發音常常不是很清楚,就好比 "lovin'"這個字。
1. remain in one's memory表「停留在某人的記憶」。例:
‧The song has remained in my memory after hearing it for the first time.
2. Some are creative. Others are persuasive. Still others are funny.
此不定代名詞的用法,為描述多數對象時,僅挑其中三組來說明之句型,詳細用法請參見本課句型解析一。
3. "Finger lickin' good" 為代表肯德基的廣告標語。肯德基的創始者哈蘭‧桑德斯運用了十一種配料,研發出現今風靡全球的肯德基炸雞。桑德斯於美國南部的肯德基州設立了他的第一家炸雞店。
4. ...it reminds people of the good taste....
remind sb of sth 表示「使某人想起某事」。例:
‧This movie reminds him of his hometown.
remind 另可當「提醒」解。例:
‧My mother reminded me to bring an umbrella in case it would rain.
而具有說服力的廣告標語例子是由一家美容院所創造的。他們的廣告標榜「相信我,你可以成功!」這非常巧妙,因為許多女性都會懷疑美容治療是否真能改善她們的容貌。因為這則標語,她們不但信任這家美容院,而且也更有信心她們會變美麗。
1. ...is by a beauty salon.
此句by前面省略了made一字,表示「由…所創作」。例:
‧The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain is a very famous and interesting novel.
2. Their ad says, "Trust me, you can make it!"
(1) 當說明廣告或招牌的內容時,通常用say或read來作其動詞。同樣地,諺語、故事或報導也可用這二個動詞。例:
‧The sign on the wall says, "No Smoking."
(2) "Trust me, you can make it!"是由美容機構媚登峰在1996年所帶動的廣告標語。此標語為當時的臺灣帶來一股美容瘦身的風潮,也為當時臺灣的美容機構帶來蓬勃的發展。此標語並分別獲得廣告流行金句獎第三、四屆的金獎,以及第五屆的永恆金句獎。
3. ...many women doubt [whether beauty treatments can...].
此句中,由 whether 引導的子句作為doubt 的受詞,且whether在此可用if取代。例:
‧Many people doubt if the plan will be a success.
4. ...they not only trust the beauty salon, but they also have more confidence [that they will be beautiful].
(1) not only...but also... 不但…而且…
此為對等連接詞,用來連接詞性相同的兩個詞組。例:
‧Mr. Chou is not only a teacher but also a writer.
(2) confidence後的that子句為其同位語,用來說明confidence的內容。
…其他說服性的標語包括「隨你的意」,來自於一家速食餐廳的廣告。這個廣告將他們新鮮、為顧客量身訂做的漢堡,和其競爭對手預先做好的漢堡做比較。「隨你的意」是指你可以要求變化,像是多一些番茄切片或是少一些洋蔥切片,因為漢堡是專門為你製作的。另一則歷久彌堅的標語,則來自一家連鎖花商。標語為 「以花語傳遞」。人們送花有很多的理由,但不論訊息為何,這廣告表示花是一種理想的溝通方式。
5. "Have it your way"是漢堡王於1974年所開創的廣告標語。漢堡王當時甫推出新的餐點──華堡(Whopper),由於其配料豐富,因此提供顧客依個人喜好,要求漢堡配料變化的服務。此舉有別於大部分速食店追求標準、快速,卻難滿足顧客個人喜好不同的需求,也是當時同業中唯一提供此項服務的速食業者。
6. This ad compares their hamburgers [, which are...customer], with their competitors' [, which are...].
(1) compare A with B 比較A與B
‧I compared Mike's watch with mine, and I found they were similar.
(2) ...their hamburgers, which...
句型分析
N, who/whom/which...,
本句which 引導非限定的關係子句修飾其先行詞their hamburgers 和their competitor's。詳細用法請參見第二冊第七課句型解析二。例:
‧Mr. Wang, who is talking with Amy, is a doctor.
(3) their competitors'為their competitors' hamburgers所省略而來的獨立所有格。
7. stand在此表示「經得起(困難、考驗等)」。例:
‧Shakespeare's plays have stood the test of time and are loved by many people today.
8. "Say it with flowers"為國際花商公司Interflora的廣告標語。有鑑於新鮮花材不耐長時間運程的缺點,該公司藉由遍部全球的分公司機制,並以標語鼓勵顧客,即使相隔千里同樣能以花作為傳遞感情的媒介。
9. People have flowers sent for many reasons, ...are an ideal way to communicate.
(1) have flowers sent為have + O + OC (Vpp)的句型,此詳細用法請參見本課句型解析二。
(2) to communicate 為不定詞片語當形容詞用,修飾前面的an ideal way。
廣告標語幫助銷售產品,所以公司製作好的標語是值得的。最後,一個有趣的電話簿廣告標語寫著,「讓你的手指代步」。表面上,這沒有意義,因為你的手指並不會走路!但實際上,這是個含有產品重要訊息的成功廣告。你可以猜到它試圖要表達什麼訊息嗎?
1. pay vi. 值得,有利
‧It won't pay to sell this valuable ring passed from your dead mother.
2. "Let your fingers do the walking."
(1) 這是1964年加拿大的Yellow Pages公司為其電話簿黃頁廣告所設計的廣告標語。此標語強調黃頁廣告帶給人們的便利性,讓人們可以節省出門的時間,以手代步查詢店家號碼和店家聯絡,而不用親自走一趟。
(2) Let your fingers do....
句型分析
let + O + V
使役動詞let後面的受詞如果是「主動發出動作者」,其後可省略to,接原形動詞。詳細用法請參見第二冊第一課句型解析一。例:
‧ Don't let the dog come indoors.
(3) do the walking 是由動詞 walk 轉為動名詞後,以do作此抽象名詞的動詞。例:
‧My mom asked me to help her do the cooking.
3. Can you guess [what it's trying to say]?
what疑問詞引導間接問句,作guess的受詞。詳細用法請參見本冊第五課句型解析一。
Cultural Note 資料增補
廣告的演進
現今廣告五花八門,花招百出,但回顧其歷史,廣告的誕生是歸因於「為產品作宣傳」這個基礎。因此自從有了商品的生產和交換,如何廣而告知此商品的存在,並吸引消費者的購買慾,便成為廣告的使命。
世上最早的廣告多是經由聲音進行的,又稱「叫賣廣告」。在西方歷史上,有名的古希臘奴隸買賣,便是經由叫賣的方式來吆喝與宣傳。而在中國歷史上,早在西周時期,詩經上便記載著:古代賣糖食的小販經由吹簫管的方式,來達到宣傳效果,吸引群眾。
除了叫賣式廣告,中國歷史上另一種廣告的宣傳方式,便是「懸掛式廣告」。所謂懸掛式廣告,是指將廣告內容書寫於一般紙張或布幔上,之後再懸掛於高處,以吸引路人目光。在清明上河圖中,懸掛式廣告已隨處可見,由此可知在宋朝,懸掛式廣告已被廣泛使用。
但紙面的廣告,便要追溯至印刷術發明之後。到了十五、十六世紀,印刷術在歐洲被廣泛使用,英國人威廉‧坎克斯製作了第一幅紙面廣告並張貼於倫敦各街頭,為教會的圖書作宣傳。到了十七世紀,廣告開始出現在一些報章雜誌中。
二次世界大戰後,電視機的發明,又將廣告的歷史帶入另一個新紀元。在電視節目之間,以影像的方式呈現產品的特性,藉此達到宣傳的效果。也由於電視廣告播放效果顯著的因素,廣告商願意投資大筆金錢換購重要時段的播放權,並因而支撐電視節目的製作經費。
到了現今的網路時代,廣告的形式又更加多元化。相較於電視廣告中,消費者沒有選擇性地接收廣告的訊息;網路廣告卻需經由消費者的點閱,才能連接到廣告的主網頁。這樣的轉變,將選擇權移交回消費者手上,而如何吸引消費者點閱網路廣告,似乎也成為現今廠商亟需思考的一個問題。
補充資料
廣告流行金句獎
隨著消費意識的高漲,廣告不僅對廠商來說是個重要的行銷管道,對消費者而言,也左右了購買的偏好及動機。面對現今林林總總的廣告,在1994 年,臺灣舉辦了第一屆的廣告流行金句獎。此獎項主要是針對廣告中的標語所設計的一個獎項。藉由此獎項的頒發,我們似乎也不難發現,好的標語為一個廣告所帶來的正面影響。
這個獎項的頒發,是由廣告主、媒體、廣告業聯合推薦作品,再經由消費者直接投票,選出得獎名單。將決定權回歸消費者這樣的作法,一方面是希望能明確傳達消費者對廣告的觀點,另一方面也希望能藉此鼓勵廣告主發揮創意,多多創造可以吸引消費者目光的廣告標語。
至2001年開始,同一主辦單位更舉辦了「學生廣告流行語金句獎」選拔活動。藉由這個活動,鼓勵新世代的年輕族群勇於發想,發揮創意,更期許培養下個廣告流行標語的創造者!有關「廣告流行金句獎」其他相關資料,可參考下列網站:
http://www.brain.com.tw/basa12/index.htm
Post-reading Activities
III. Topics for Discussion
參考解答
1.
I think the slogan means that people can get the phone numbers or addresses they want by flipping through the telephone directory. With their fingers, they can find the phone numbers that they want and call instead of going to the stores in person.
2.
I think simple and inspiring slogans make advertisements successful. "Just Do It" and "Impossible Is Nothing" are easy to remember and can inspire people to believe that they can do better if they go for it. In addition, creativity should be part of a good advertisement. Take "Let your fingers do the walking" for example. Instead of walking out, you can just flip through the telephone directory with your fingers and get what you want. Moreover, if the words in the advertisements are played wisely, they can remain in people's memories for a long time. For example, "We make other vegetables green with envy," is a good advertisement for potatoes. The Potato Board in America uses the phrase "green with envy" to express that other vegetables are very jealous of potatoes because of the flavor, nutrition and low calories of potatoes. Therefore, a good advertisement plays an important role in selling a product.
Vocabulary, Idioms and Phrases
I. Words for Production
1. advertise
(1) vi. 登廣告
字詞搭配
advertise for 登廣告徵求…
‧Our school is advertising for English teachers in the local newspaper.
(2) vt. 為…做廣告
字詞搭配
advertise (sth) in a newspaper/on TV 在報紙/電視上廣告
‧The department store is advertising its summer sale on TV.
advertisement n. [C] 廣告(縮寫為ad)
字詞搭配
put/place an advertisement 登廣告
a classified/full-page/job advertisement 分類/全版/職缺廣告
‧The company put an advertisement in the paper for new employees.
‧I am going to place a full-page advertisement for my missing dog.
字詞辨義
advertisement包括很多種形式,舉凡出現在電視或廣播中的廣告(commercial),張貼在牆上的圖片海報(poster)、街上發的傳單(flyer)、信件中夾雜的垃圾郵件(junk mail),或印在書封底上的內容簡介(blurb),都是在ads的範圍之內。
advertising n. [U] 廣告
‧Joyce has a job in advertising as a creative editor.
2. employee n. [C] 受雇者
字詞搭配
full-time/part-time employee 全職/兼職員工
junior/senior employee 資淺/資深員工
‧Full-time employees in this company are supposed to work eight hours a day.
‧Alice is a junior employee. She has worked in this company for only a month.
employ vt.
(1) 雇用
字詞搭配
employ sb as sth 雇用某人為…
‧The boss employed Jim as an engineer.
(2) 運用(方法、技術、策略等)
‧We successfully employed the new device to produce electricity.
employer n. [C] 雇主
字源
部分動詞後加"-er"表示動作的施加者,加"-ee"表示接受者,如本課的employ (雇用) 加上er成為雇主,加上ee成為受雇者。其他的例子有:
addresser (寄件者) & addressee (收信人)
interviewer (訪問者) & interviewee (受訪者)
employment n. [U] 職業,工作
字詞搭配
in employment 在業,有工作
out of employment 失業
‧Among all the people in employment in
Taiwan, a lot of them are foreign laborers.
‧My brother has been out of employment for
two years. He is still looking for a job now.
3. admire vt. 欽佩,欣賞
字詞搭配
admire sb for sth 欣賞某人某事
‧Louis is much admired for his hard work on his job.
admiration n. [U] 欽佩,欣賞
字詞搭配
have/feel admiration for sb 對某人懷有欽佩之意
in/with admiration 敬佩地
‧Many people feel admiration for Master Cheng Yen.
‧The tourists looked at the paintings of Picasso in admiration.
admirable adj. 令人欽佩的,值得讚賞的
‧The activity is truly admirable for its careful design.
admirer n. [C] 愛慕者
‧Judy, the most beautiful girl in our school, has many secret admirers (暗戀者).
4. staff n. [C] (usu. sing.)全體職員
字詞辨義
staff為集合名詞,當將全體職員視為一個整體時,用單數動詞;但若看作團體內的個別成員時,則用複數動詞。例:
‧The staff in the shop is very helpful.
‧There are five hundred staff in this company.
6. passion n. [U] 熱情
字詞搭配
with passion 熱情地
passion for... 對…熱愛
‧The two lovers kissed with passion.
‧The player's passion for baseball makes him an outstanding pitcher in his team.
passionate adj. 熱情的
‧Before leaving for Japan, Tim gave his girlfriend a passionate kiss.
7. fit
(1) adj. 健壯的,健康的
字詞搭配
keep/stay fit 保持強健
‧To keep physically fit, people in the city like to exercise in the gym.
(2) adj.合適的(= suitable)
‧He is not fit for the job because he doesn't have any experience of it.
(3) vt. 合身
‧The dress exactly fits you; it seems to be designed for you.
(4) vi.適合,容得下
‧The gift is tiny enough to fit in the box.
8. active adj. 活躍的(相反詞:inactive)
字詞搭配
be active in (doing) sth 積極參與(做)某事
‧People in this community are active in
community services.
9. increase (相反詞:decrease)
(1) vt. 使增加
‧The landlord will increase my rent next month.
(2) vi. 增加,增大
字詞搭配
increase by 增加…(百分比)比率
increase with 隨著…增加
‧My salary from this month is going to increase by 20%.
‧The rate of having this disease increases with age.
(3) n. [C][U] 增加
字詞搭配
increase in …方面增加
be on the increase = be increasing 增加中
‧With the increase in oil price, the living expenses also arise.
‧The number of drug addicts is on the increase.
10. remain為一不完全不及物動詞(連綴動詞),之後須接補語,使意思完整。
(1) vi. 留存,留下
‧The past happiness seems to remain in the old lady's memory forever.
(2) vi. 保持(…的狀態)
‧Please let the windows remain open. It's too hot inside.
12. persuasive adj. 有說服力的
‧The audience all agreed on the plan because of Mr. Brown's persuasive speech.
persuade vt. 說服
字詞搭配
persuade sb to do sth 說服某人去做某事
persuade sb into/out of (doing) sth 說服/勸退某人做某事
‧Pablo finally was persuaded to take the job.
‧I must persuade Henry out of taking Jimmy's stupid idea.
persuasion n. [U] 說服,勸退
‧I didn't use much persuasion and my boss accepted my plan.
13. annoy vt. 惹惱,使生氣
‧It annoyed me to think how much time we had wasted on the plan.
字詞辨義
表「使煩惱」時,annoy、bother及trouble意近,但annoy強調「因一時難以忍受而失去耐心、生氣煩惱」。而bother著重「因瑣事干擾而使人厭煩」,有時指「使人略為不安」,並含有「迷惑、擔心」之意。至於trouble為「給人身心上帶來痛苦或行動上帶來不便」之意。
annoyed adj. 感到生氣的(用來修飾人)
‧The teacher was annoyed by David's rude behavior.
annoying adj. 令人覺得生氣的(用來修飾事物)
‧It's annoying that my roommate often makes a lot of noise at midnight.
14. worldwide
(1) adv. 全世界地,在世界各地
*同義詞*
all over/across/throughout the world, the world over
(2) adj. 遍及全世界的
‧The worldwide company has its branches all over the world.
16. naturally adv. 當然;自然地
‧I didn't dye my hair. It's naturally brown.
natural
(1) adj. 自然的,天然的(相反詞:artificial)
字詞搭配
die from natural causes (非意外造成的)自然死亡
natural resource/disaster 自然資源/災害
‧My grandfather died from natural causes.
‧Protecting natural resources is everyone's business.
(2) adj. 天生的,有天賦的
字詞搭配
natural talent 天生的才能
natural-born 與生俱來的
‧The girl has a natural talent for music.
‧Jason is a natural-born singer; everyone admires his voice.
nature
(1) n. [U] 大自然,自然界(= Nature)
‧When you live in the countryside, it's easy to find out the wonders of nature.
(2) [C][U] (人或動物的)天性,本性
‧Cindy has an easygoing nature and
everybody likes her.
‧Love and hatred are all human nature.
17. improve vt.; vi. 改善
‧The new technique that Mike taught me has helped me improve my English.
‧Because of hard work, her living condition is improving.
improvement
(1) n. [C][U] 改善,改進
字詞搭配
make a improvement in 改善…
room for improvement …有改善的空間
‧Ally has made a great improvement in her math.
‧Your report is much better, but there is still room for improvement.
(2) n. [C] 已改進之處;被改進的事物
‧I think this model is an improvement over the last one.
18. appearance
(1) n. [C][U] 外表,外觀
字詞搭配
judge sb/sth by one's/its appearance
以外表決定…
‧Don't judge a person by his appearance.
(2) n. [C] (usu. sing.)出現;來到
‧Jerry's sudden appearance at the party
surprised every one.
appear
(1) vi. 看來好像,似乎(= seem)
為一不完全不及物動詞(連綴動詞),之後須接補語,意思才完整。例:
‧Frank appeared unhappy about the test result.
(2) vi. 出現,呈現
‧Jimmy didn't appear until the meeting was going to the end.
19. compare
(1) vt. 比較
字詞搭配
compare A with/to B 比較A與B
compared with/to 與…相比
‧If you compare this cup with that one, you will find this one is more delicate.
‧Though your car is old, it is new compared with mine.
(2) vt. 比喻
字詞搭配
compare A to B 將A比喻為B
‧In this poem, light is compared to God.
comparison n. [U][C] 比較
字詞搭配
in comparison with/to 和…比較起來
draw/make a comparison between... 作比較
beyond/without comparison 無與倫比的
‧In comparison with the black dress, the red one fits you better.
‧This article makes a comparison between Paris and New York.
‧Ariel is a lovely girl; her beauty is beyond comparison.
20. whatever
(1) pron. 無論什麼(= no matter what)
為複合關係代名詞,引導表示「讓步」的副詞子句。例:
‧Whatever you do, I will be by your side.
→ No matter what you do, I will be by your side.
(2) pron. 任何…都(= anything that)
同樣為複合關係代名詞,但引導的是名詞子句。例:
‧You can do whatever you want.
21. communicate
(1) vi. 交流(思想、感情、信息等)
字詞搭配
communicate with... 和…交談/聯繫
‧Many teenagers often complain that they can't communicate with their parents well.
(2) vt. 把(思想、感情、信息等)傳達給…
字詞搭配
communicate sth to sb 和某人溝通某事
‧Maybe you should communicate your ideas to your friends, or they will never understand.
communication n. [U] (思想、感情、信息等的)交流
字詞搭配
communication skills 溝通技巧
means of communication 通訊工具
be in communication with... 與…有聯絡
‧I haven't been in communication with Joyce since we graduated from senior high school.
II. Words for Recognition
1. Nike n. 耐吉(運動用品牌名)
耐吉是一家美國體育用品商,主要生產運動鞋、運動服裝及體育相關用品等,其總部設於華盛頓郡。耐吉這個名稱,來自希臘神話的勝利女神Nike 。在希臘神話中,Nike不僅象徵戰爭的勝利,也特指在競技及體育領域上的成功,因此她被認為是帶來好運的神祇,經常作為藝術作品所表現的對象。在藝術作品中,她通常同化於其他的神,例如古希臘的雕塑家通常將她塑造為嬌小帶有翅膀的形象,棲停於另一個神的手臂,或是從同伴神的衣裳中探出,或者像仙女一樣高飛於天空。
3. Reebok n. 銳步(運動用品牌名)
銳步是一家英裔美商公司,主要生產體育相關用品。公司創建於1895年。原名為Mercury Sports,在1960年,改名為Reebok。公司在2006年,正式被愛迪達(Adidas)收購合併。
4. market share n. [U] 市場占有率
由市場占有率可比較同類產品在市場銷售量的好壞。
5. sneaker n. [C] (usu. pl.)運動鞋
‧My mother bought a pair of sneakers as my birthday present.
6. contraction n. [C] 縮寫形
字詞辨義
abbreviation是將較長的字詞以縮寫點縮短,代替原字,發音和原字同。如:
doctor → Dr.; for example → e.g.。而contraction則是指以省略符號(')來縮短字詞,發音會有所改變。如:cannot → can't; does not → doesn't。
7. beauty salon n. [C] 美容院
在十七世紀的法國,政商名流流行聚集在沙龍中,藉由交談和閱讀來增長和精鍊智慧。談論的範圍包含藝術、政治、文學或是娛樂等話題。而當代沙龍的意義,多是指替顧客做頭髮、修指甲的美容院。
11. telephone directory n. [C] 電話簿
(= phone book)
在一般的電話簿中,有分白頁(white pages)和黃頁(yellow pages)。其中白頁部分是刊載私人電話、地址等;而黃頁部分則是刊載公司或組織的電話、地址甚至服務品項的種類。
III. Idioms and Phrases
1. ever since 此後,從那時起一直
此片語主要子句須用完成式,從屬子句須用過去式。
‧I haven't not heard anything about Annie ever since she left for Japan.
2. make it
(1) 取得成功
‧It's a good news that Adam finally made it. His experiment turns out to be a success.
(2) 趕上時間
‧I just made it in time for the meeting.
3. in advance 事先,預先
*同義詞*
beforehand
‧It's better to make preparations for the game in advance.
4. on the surface 表面上
‧Though on the surface, the question seems simple. In fact, it is very complicated.
5. make sense 有意義,合理
‧It makes great sense for the police to protect themselves when being attacked.
6. in reality 實際上,事實上
*同義詞*
actually, in fact, as a matter of fact
‧Though John said he stayed home all day yesterday, in reality, he went to the movies.
Grammar in Use
1. Some.... Others.... Still others....
此句型為不定代名詞的用法,當全體歸納成的類別不止三組,但舉例時,只提其中三組且還有其他組未提及時,就可使用此句型。例:
‧People in Taiwan have different religious beliefs. Some (people) believe in Buddhism. Others believe in Daoism. Still others are Christians.
如果還有時間,教師可補充下列用法:
(1) 教師可先利用下列表格讓學生熟悉「不定代名詞」的意義:
單數
複數
不定
one (一個)
another (其他不特定一個)
some (一些)
others (其他不特定幾個)
特(限)定
the other (剩下特定一個)
the others (剩下特定全部)
以直列的單數看來,當全體只有三個時,第一個被數到的為one,另一個未特定指哪一個,所以用another (另一個),而剩下的最後一個,就是特定剩下的那一個,所以用the other。就如同第一冊第四課曾提及 "One.... Another.... The other...."的句型,中譯為「一…另一…還有一…」。當要介紹三個人或三件事物逐一舉例時,便可使用。例:
‧I have three pairs of sneakers. One (pair) is Nike. Another (pair) is Reebok. The other (pair) is New Balance.
(2) 另外,教師可以跟學生補充,當所指的眾多對象只歸類成三大組來說明時,就須使用下列的句型"Some.... Others.... The others...."。例:
‧The teacher divided the class into three groups. Some students were to clean the classroom. Others were to clean the toilets. The others were asked to clean the gym.
*句型練習補充:
A. 利用句型"Some.... Others.... Still others...."回答下列問題。
1. What colors are the flowers in the basket? (red; blue; yellow)
→ ____________________________________
2. What are the students in the classroom doing? (sleeping; chatting; reading)
→____________________________________
3. Where do the products in the shop come from? (from Japan; from America; from Europe)
→____________________________________
4. What are those things on the table? (pens; books; pieces of paper)
→____________________________________
5. Who sent you all these postcards? (from Joyce; from Eric; from Lily)
→____________________________________
B.
利用"Some.... Others.... Still others...."的句型和提示字完成下列段落。
Last night, my family went to Yung-kang Street (永康街). Interestingly, we saw many foreigners from different countries. 1____________________________________ (from Japan; from the U.S.; from Philippines) My father said it was because the stores on this street offered them many entertainments. 2____________________________________ (sell clothes; sell delicious food; sell beautiful gifts) Among all of these stores, we saw one shop selling shaved ice (刨冰). It was full of people. Therefore, we went there, too. Customers there could choose different toppings. 3____________________________________ (choose fruit; choose sauce; choose tapioca balls) All of my family chose differently and enjoyed it very much. Then, we went to a small park to take a walk. Amazingly, there were many dogs. 4____________________________________ (beagles; poodles; golden retrievers) Their masters were also there. 5____________________________________ (playing with their dogs; chatting; eating snacks) My father said many people walked their dogs and made friends with one another by the way. What an interesting experience!
C.
請利用單複數與不定或特定代名詞的觀念,從下列6個字中挑出正確的答案,填入空格內。(每字可重複出現)
one some another
others the other the others
1. __________ of my parents likes outdoor activities while __________ just enjoys reading at home.
2. There are ten students in the classroom. __________ is a girl and __________ are boys.
3. People have different tastes in movies. __________ like romance, and __________ enjoy sci-fi movies.
4. This morning, __________ of my classmates were late, but __________ all arrived at school on time.
5. Ten people took a vote on the proposal. __________ were for it. __________ were against it. And __________ had no opinions.
6. You can join various kinds of activities in the camp. __________ are for physical training. __________ are for intellectual training. __________ can help you improve your relationship with others.
參考解答
A.
1. Some are red. Others are blue. Still others are yellow.
2. Some are sleeping. Others are chatting. Still others are reading.
3. Some are from Japan. Others are from America. Still others are from Europe.
4. Some are pens. Others are books. Still others are pieces of paper.
5. Some were from Joyce. Others were from Eric. Still others were from Lily.
B.
1. Some were from Japan. Others were from the U.S. Still others were from Philippines.
2. Some sold clothes. Others sold delicious food. Still others sold beautiful gifts.
3. Some chose fruit. Others chose sauce. Still others chose tapioca balls.
4. Some were beagles. Others were poodles. Still others were golden retrievers.
5. Some were playing with their dogs. Others were chatting. Still others were eating snacks.
C.
1. One, the other 2. One, the others
3. Some, others 4. some, the others
5. Some, Others, the others
6. Some, Others, Still others
2. have/make + O + OC (Vpp)
此句型介紹使役動詞have與make的用法,之前在第二冊第一課句型一已經介紹過當使役動詞後接的受詞為「主動發出動作者」時,其後可省略to,接原形動詞。例:
‧If you happen to meet Simon, have him call me.
‧Do to others as you would have them do to you.
‧The sad news made everyone burst into tears.
‧My parents won't let me travel alone to New York City.
因此,若使役動詞have和make後的受詞為「被動接受動作者」時,其後須接過去分詞作其受詞補語。例:
‧I will have my hair cut tomorrow.
‧Father will have our house painted this weekend.
‧My mother had the dishes washed last night.
‧I made my clothes washed this morning.
‧The speaker couldn't make himself heard above the noise.
*句型練習補充:
A. 請根據語意,將括號內的動詞做適當的變化。
1. Nancy had her bike __________ (fix) by her brother.
2. My father went to the bank to make his checks __________ (cash).
3. My mom had my room __________ (clean) yesterday.
4. I had the package __________ (send) this afternoon.
5. His stupid behavior made himself __________ (be) laughed at.
B. 請根據語意,選出適當的答案。
( ) 1. My tooth hurt so much. The doctor suggested I have it out.
(A) pull (B) to pull
(C) pulled (D) pulling
( ) 2. After working day and night for two days, we had the work .
(A) do (B) to do (C) did (D) done
( ) 3. The policeman made the dogs the thief.
(A) catch (B) to catch
(C) catching (D) caught
( ) 4. He is not good at expressing himself, so he often can't make himself by his friends.
(A) understand (B) to understand
(C) understanding (D) understood
( ) 5. The woman had the lost child her cell phone to call his parents.
(A) use (B) to use
(C) using (D) used
( ) 6. The police had the missing child within a few hours.
(A) find (B) found
(C) finding (D) to find
( ) 7. Kevin had his wallet at the night market.
(A) steal (B) to steal
(C) stealing (D) stolen
( ) 8. Julia had her brother her dinner on his way home.
(A) bought (B) buy
(C) to buy (D) buying
參考解答
A.
1. fixed 2. cashed 3. cleaned
4. sent 5. been
B.
1. C 2. D 3. A 4. D
5. A 6. B 7. D 8. B
補充資料
廣告設計隨消費世代訴求而改變
當今的廣告設計,要想在激烈的市場競爭中求得生存與發展,不僅要了解人口世代劃分,同時還要認知消費者的心理與消費行為特點。
現代營銷理論提出了新的人口世代劃分觀點,出生於同一時代的人處於共同的社會、政治、歷史和經濟環境中,因而會產生相同或相似的觀念和行為。不同人口世代的消費者,其收入、興趣、愛好、消費觀念以及消費行為等各不相同,所以他們對產品、品牌也就有著不同的需求和價值體驗,成功的廣告正是將這兩者技巧性的結合起來。
以消費學的觀點來說,個體消費行為與特點主要受到三個因素的影響:(1)消費者的價值觀與信念,因為消費者的價值觀與信念反映了他們的生活觀念。(2)消費者的行為和興趣,特別是品牌(brand)能成為左右這些行為或興趣的一部分,並為消費者帶來額外的情感性利益,因為它反映了消費者的生活方式。(3)消費者期望的擁有物,它反映了消費者需求滿足感的實現。所以,針對消費者特點展開的廣告就是要找到消費者的動心之處,也就是消費者的生活觀念、興趣與價值的體現。
美國營銷界把人口劃分成三個主要世代,即二次大戰後至六○年代生育高峰的一代(Baby Boomer)、越戰到1979年的X一代(X-Generation)和新新人類或N一代(Neo-Generation)。這裡新新人類是指1980年之後出生的人,而我們的學生多屬這範疇。以下是針對Neo-Generation消費心理與因應出的廣告文化特性做一簡短分析。
A. 著重「自我」與「自立」,東西文化觀念差異越來越小
由於商品文化蓬勃發展、網路互聯、電子商務頻繁與高科技的普遍,與以前社會比較,當代的新新人類從小就習慣於影視語言和網路語言,對時尚廣告反應迅速。他們不像上一輩的人有太多傳統文化的記憶和歷史包袱。再加上少子化的影響,這一代人受到了長輩無微不至的呵護,物質生活相對比較優越。從消費心理學的角度來說,過多的呵護反倒會形成一種逆反心理,他們想要保有更多自己的空間,「自立」的意識較高。因此,成長於當今的文化環境下,新新人類在物質追求上更加注重感性化、愛電腦與上網甚於愛書,較早買車子、房子的消費觀念也早已深入其心中。也因這些生活觀念的引領,他們在消費行為上表現較大膽,在他們眼裡很少有不能做的事。
再者,冷戰之後,全球消費思潮與消費文化基本趨向大同境界。所以多數的新新人類,與世界各國同齡的人追求著共通的流行。因此,在美國紐約、法國巴黎、日本東京、韓國首爾,還是臺灣的臺北或高雄,可以看到幾乎同樣裝束的年輕世代,喜歡追求自我或標新立異地扮酷。在這一代人身上,東西方的文化差異似乎變得越來越小。
B. 當代廣告強調「創意」與「附加價值」
由於新新人類喜歡多變、刺激、新穎的生活方式,他們對商品的忠誠度一般不高。廣告設計特別是「創意」便需要新穎獨到,宣傳時就要做到有時代感和渲染力強。因為青少年對新品牌很快會厭倦而轉向其他品牌,所以要不斷地變換產品包裝和廣告形式,以保持品牌的活力和新鮮度。因此廣告產品與流行音樂、影視明星、體育明星等的結合就是一種廣告宣傳的有效方式。
選擇產品或品牌的準則,新新人類不再基於「好」或「不好」這一傳統的理性認知觀,而是更基於「喜歡」或「不喜歡」的感性情感態度觀,因為其所追求的是產品或服務能提供的一種「感覺或附加價值」。因此,在廣告中,傳播與溝通的重點是宣揚產品的品牌價值,具體的包括顯示身分或階層的象徵、美的感受、時尚與先鋒、好玩及趣味性、潮流或流行性等。
再者,要能凸顯「個性」的追求特點,使多數人對商品的情感性、誇耀性及符號性價值的要求,早已超過了商品或服務的物質性價值及使用價值。新新人類消費需求的日趨個性化與多樣化,促使現代廣告設計方向更加重視「情感滿足」與「附加價值」,勝過「機能價值」。
English Workshop
I. Useful Expressions of Persuasion (勸說)
1. 本單元提供學生表達勸說(persuasion)的常見英文用語。活動進行中,老師可提醒學生英語「勸說」(persuasion)的語氣比「建議」(advice, suggestion)來得更為強硬。但仍需保持禮貌的態度。
2. 課本範例為高二生要說服高一生加入熱舞社,因為貼切學生的校園生活,教師可先以本範例作為示範,並讓學生兩人一組練習角色扮演。
3. 若時間允許,可和同學分析對話模式,並以下面提供的二種常見情境,讓學生分組自創對話腳本,並進行口語練習。
參考對話情境:
Situation One
The class will take a trip to Danshui (淡水). Everyone in class will join the trip except for Linda. Now, the class leader James is persuading Linda to join them.
Situation Two
The school will hold an English conversation contest a month later. Vivian, who likes English very much, would like to persuade Jamie to join it with her. However, Jamie seems not so interested in this contest.
4. 如果時間許可,教師可補充下列接受或拒絕他人勸說的用語,提供給學生參考:
(1) 接受他人的勸說
‧Thanks for your suggestion. I love to.
‧Sounds great/nice/terrific.
‧What a great/terrific idea! I'd really love to.
‧Sure. That would be fun/interesting.
‧That's perfect! I'll be looking forward to it.
(2) 拒絕他人的勸說
‧Thank you/Thanks for asking, but I'm afraid I still can't go there with you/join it/buy it.
‧I'm sorry. I can't.
‧I wish I could, but I....
‧I hate to turn you down, but I must....
‧I appreciate the invitation, but I'm afraid I can't.
II. Creating a Slogan
1. 教師可以建議學生觀察自己所推薦的社團具備的特性來創造標語,並提供下列創作標語的原則予學生參考。
◎運用簡單或熟悉的字詞。
◎順口押韻。
◎簡潔有力,盡量限制在3到8個字詞之內。
◎運用主動句而不用被動句。
◎運用肯定句而不用否定句。
◎有力、鮮明、生動、幽默、富創意。
2. 除了課本的熱舞社和辯論社外,教師可以提供學生下面學校常見社團的英語名稱,讓學生個人或分組,事先在課前替自己參加過的社團創作一個響亮的廣告標語。也可要求學生融入自己創造的標語,為社團做一個簡短的英文介紹。
Names of Common Clubs
漫畫社
Comic Book Club
書法社
Calligraphy Club
繪畫社
Drawing Club
吉他社
Guitar Club
話劇社
Drama Club
廣播社
Broadcasting Club
新聞社
Journalism Club
電影社
Film Club
英語會話社
English Conversation Club
日語社
Japanese Club
手語社
Sign Language Club
籃球社
Basketball Club
網球社
Tennis Club
游泳社
Swimming Club
跆拳社
Taekwondo Club
童軍團
Scout Association
網頁設計社
Homepage Design Club
占星社
Astrology & Horoscope Club
烹飪社
Cookery Club
3. 如果還有時間,教師可進行下列建議的活動:
(1) The Ad of the Day (本日最佳廣告)
將全班同學分成6~8組不等,並由老師指定一商品,像是球鞋、飲料、修正液等,要求每一組同學都為這一指定商品想出廣告標語,然後每一組派代表上臺發表,並由教師選出最有創意者為優勝。
(2) Guessing Game (猜一猜)
由每一組同學自行選擇一商品並為其設計廣告標語,記得提醒同學不要向別組透露商品內容,然後各組派代表上臺發表其標語,並讓其他組的同學猜一下所廣告的東西是什麼,猜中最多商品的那組即為優勝者。
教師可提醒學生,不要在標語中點出商品名稱或品牌,只需描述其特質或優點即可,以增加遊戲的困難度及趣味性。
Conversation
一位推銷員正試著說服潔美購買一臺電子字典。(J =潔美,S =銷售員)
J: 我家裡已經有一本日文字典了,謝謝你。
S: 但不是電子字典,對吧?
J: 不是,但為什麼我需要一臺電子字典呢?
S: 嗯,首先,他們容易攜帶。這臺就可以放進妳的口袋。
J: 那很實用,但如果那麼小,它有充足的字彙量嗎?記住,我可是在大學唸日文,所以要學很多的字彙。
S: 它的字彙量夠多了。它儲存的字彙比任何一個「紙本」字典還多。
J: 好吧,但我通常都在家讀書,那麼擁有這一臺又有什麼意義?
S: 妳會唸妳從字典內查詢到的每一個單字嗎?
J: 不太會。我經常需要查閱無聊的發音指南。
S: 有了這一臺電子字典,妳可以查詢單字,然後一按按鈕,它就會唸這個單字,或是整個句子。妳聽…
J: 哇!這聽起來就像是真人發音。讓我試一下…
1. ...is trying to persuade Jamie to buy....
字詞搭配
persuade sb to V 說服某人做…
‧You can't persuade me to buy this car because I have no money.
2. ...it's easy to carry.
sth be easy to V表示「某事很容易…」。但若表示「對某人來說,做某事很容易」,必須要用It is easy for sb to V....的句型。例:
‧It is easy for you to finish this work in a week.
3. ...if it's so small, does it have enough words?
這句話用到直說法條件句,用來表示一般事實的陳述。
4. ...I have a lot of vocabulary to learn.
這裡的不定詞to learn為形容詞的作用,修飾前面的受詞vocabulary。
5. more than enough相當於more than is needed ,表示「夠多了」。例:
‧I can't eat anymore. I have eaten more than enough.
6. ...what's the point of getting....
What's the point of V-ing...?表示「做某事的目的為何」。例:
‧Since you have made the decision, what's the point of asking my suggestion?
7. look up表示「查閱(字典)」。
‧After looking up the word in the dictionary, I know its meaning.
8. sound like + N 表示「聽起來像…」,後面須接名詞,若表示「聽起來…」,可用另一用法"sound + Adj"。例:
‧It sounds like a good idea.
→ The idea sounds good.
S: 妳現在覺得如何呀?
J: 這用起來既好玩又有趣。這臺多少錢?
9. What do you think of it now?
字詞搭配
think of/about... 認為…
‧We think of Paul as a good leader.
‧I am thinking about moving to the countryside.
Listening Practice
本單元以配對的方式來做聽力練習。老師可建議學生在聽力練習開始前,先看一遍題目的產品圖,之後細聽聽力題目的關鍵句以幫助作答。
[聽力腳本]
A. Want a white, bright, shiny smile? It's yours if you brush with this every morning and night!
B. They smell so good and look so natural and beautiful. They make every room beautiful, and they're a perfect Valentine's Day gift!
C. It is sometimes called "plastic money." With this, you can pay your way when you travel around the world!
D. Don't know what something means? The answer is here. Just look it up!
E. With these, you can do and go! Jumping, jogging, or just walking, you're sure to stay comfortable.
☆課後練習難題解析
I. Vocabulary
1. be popular with 受…歡迎
3. compare with 和…做比較;that指的是前面提過的the development of technology。
7. play an active role in 在…中扮演活躍的角色
8. let your parents know 為 "let + O + V"的用法。
10. be famous for 因…而有名
II. Idioms and Phrases
1. so that = so 表結果。
4. what 所引導的子句作為understand的受詞。
5. "appear to be Adj" 表示「看起來…」。
III. Multiple Choice
1. 本題為關係代名詞的非限定用法,代替先行詞New York City,故選(A)。
2. 當受詞為「被動接受動作者」時,用 "have + O + OC (Vpp)"之句型,故選(D)。
5. 本題為間接問句的觀念,wh-question所引導的間接問句,主詞與be動詞或助動詞維持直述句的字序,故選(D)。
IV. Sentence-making
本大題與全民英檢初級寫作第三部分相似。老師可以請學生依大小寫與標點符號將句子大略排出後,再依句意或句型的觀念來做排列和重組。
☆其他相關參考資料
A. 相關書籍
1. 靠一行字賣翻天,田村仁著。方智出版社出版,2006。
2. 廣告說服力,呂亦欣譯。韋伯文化出版,2005。
3. 做廣告不要忽視人性,周亦龍著。海鴿文化出版,2005。
4. 廣告標語之語言風格研究,張慧美著。高雄復文圖書出版社出版,2005。
B. 相關網站
1. http://www.brain.com.tw/
(動腦雜誌)
2. http://www.commarts.com/CA/
(Communication Arts)
3. http://www.canneslions.com/
(介紹坎城廣告節)
4. http://tw-cf.com/
(台灣CF歷史資料館──廣告資料館)
英文第三冊第七課課文解說
7 Listen to Me
請聽我說
☆教學目標
1. 透過父子之間的真情對話,讓學生以不同的角色觀點,思索兩代之間價值觀的差異及父母對孩子的期待。
2. 學會並活用本課單字、片語和形容詞/副詞原級表示法:...as + Adj/Adv + as...與no matter what/where/when/who/how的句型。
3. 藉由閱讀課文及課堂活動,讓學生學習用英文表達歉意(making an apology)、接受他人道歉(accepting one's apology)及寫道歉信(a letter of apology)的用語。
☆本課導讀
兩代之間總是埋藏著許多衝突的情感,一方面,切身髮膚的血緣關係是割捨不開的連繫;另一方面,成長中慘綠少年的難以理解和少不更事,更是代溝產生的癥結所在。
課文以一個兒子留給父親的字條開始,引出一個做父親對一日之間的親子關係縮影作出省思,進而化為一篇發人深省的真情告白。
課堂上,教師可以讓學生充分討論現今流行的脈動以及自身和上一代之間的溝通難處所在,進而引導學生培養正確的價值觀和較為有效且溫和的溝通技巧,讓兩代之間的互動更為融洽,讓家庭生活更美滿。
Warm-up
本課課前活動列出四張現今青少年追求的流行事物圖片來進行活動。第一題教師先請學生依自己所認同的流行時尚進行勾選。藉由穿舌環、刺青、角色扮演、奇特(龐克)髮型的例子,探究學生的反應,進一步詢問他們有沒有什麼他們所奉為「上道」且夠「酷、炫」的流行文化,是這四張圖片所沒有列出的,並加以分組討論。
第二題則再請學生們仔細做一反向思考後,參與課堂討論。教師可適時地讓學生明白,在青少年追求自我、崇拜流行的成長過程中,是否曾思考自己的行為有無顧及到家人,尤其是長輩們的感想。從這激發學生自省的過程中,讓學生對於自己在為人子女的角色上,有反向的思考和反省,希望對親子相處有正面、良性的助益。
Reading
親愛的父親:
我並不是你所想像的那麼壞。我不是故意做一些事情要惹你生氣。我身上的穿洞只不過是最新的潮流,而玩線上遊戲是我放鬆的方法。所以,請不要生我的氣。
愛你的凱文
1. I am not as bad as you think.
句型分析
...as + Adj/Adv + as...
這是形容詞原級的句型,詳細用法請參見本課句型解析一。
2. ...make you mad.
make you mad可以用drive you mad/crazy代換,表示「將…逼瘋」之意。
‧The noise from next door really made me mad.
句型分析
make + O + OC (Adj/N)
此處的make 後面接受詞時,需有受詞補語對受詞作修飾補充,表示「使…成為…」之意,詳細用法請參見第二冊第四課句型解析一。例:
‧Sam's excellent cooking skills make him a good cook.
3. My body piercing is just the latest fashion, and
主要子句一
playing online games is my way to relax.
主要子句二
(1) 這兩個不同主詞的主要子句,以連接詞and 連接。
(2) latest adj. 最新的,最近的(僅用於名詞前)
‧This is the latest album of my favorite pop singer.
(3) 主要子句二的主詞為playing online games,因其是動名詞當主詞,故後面用單數動詞is;而其中to relax 當形容詞用,修飾my way。
4. So, please don't be so angry with me.
字詞搭配
be angry at/with sb 生某人的氣
be angry at/about/over sth 對某事物感到生氣
‧My sister was angry with me because I didn't remember her birthday.
‧My dear, what are you angry about?
兒子,當我在和你說話的時候,你躺在床上已經睡著了。幾分鐘前,當我在讀你的字條時,我突然間領悟了某件事。所以我悄悄地到你的臥房,回想今天所發生的點點滴滴。
1. ...you lie in bed asleep.
字詞搭配
lie asleep 躺著入睡
lie awake 躺著睡不著
lie still 躺著不動
2. A few minutes ago....
「一段時間 + ago」表示「以現在為基準多久之前」,常用於過去式,不可用在完成式。例:
‧Mark's puppy died five years ago.
3. ...and thought about [what had happened today].
(1) about的受詞為what引導的名詞子句。
(2) had happened 為過去完成式,表示動作發生在thought about之前。
兒子,今天早上我們共進早餐時,我注意到你口齒不清的樣子。我就強迫你張開嘴巴,竟然看到你在舌頭上穿環。…
1. ...I noticed [you weren't speaking clearly].
notice後接以that引導的名詞子句,that可以省略。
…我對你大聲吼叫,但是這是因為我關心你才會這麼生氣的。我擔心你可能會因為穿環而染上疾病。比如說,你去穿洞的地方不乾淨或技術不夠專業。
2. I forced you to open your mouth and saw that your tongue was pierced.
→ I made you open your mouth and saw your tongue pierced.
force vt. 強迫,逼迫
‧To lose some weight, I force myself to take exercise every day.
3. I shouted at you, but I got so angry only because I care about you.
(1) shout at 表示「對著…吼叫」。例:
‧The couple had a fight and kept shouting at each other.
(2) care about「在乎,關心」在此用簡單現在式表示事實狀況。
4. I worried that you might have caught a disease from this piercing.
(1) I worried....→ I was worried....
(2) "might + have Vpp"用以表示某事過去可能發生,但實際上並未發生的事。
‧That was a bad place to go skiing. You might have broken your leg.
5. Maybe, for example, the place where you got pierced was not clean or professional.
(1) maybe = perhaps = possibly adv. 也許
(後接所修飾的句子)
‧Maybe you should try it one more time.
(2) ...the place where...
where為關係副詞,相當於「介系詞(in, on, at, by...) + 關係代名詞(which)」,詳細用法請參考第二冊第三課句型解析二。
(3) get pierced 為連綴動詞get後接過去分詞的用法,表示「被穿洞」之意,類似用法有:get lost, get killed或get caught等。
之後,今天下午,你放學回來就開始玩線上遊戲了。你花了許多時間就只是坐在電腦前,眼睛盯著螢幕看。因此,我要你去做功課。兒子,看起來好像是我試圖要破壞你的興致,然而,我之所以會如此做,都是因為我關心你。你應該少打電玩,而多花時間讀書和做運動。這兩件事對你的健康和前途才是有益處的。
1. ...when you got back from school, you started to play....
(1) get back 相當於return。例:
‧"What time did you get back from work last night?" my father asked.
(2) started to play→started playing
start後可加to V或V-ing,表示「開始做…」。
2. You spent a lot of time sitting alone and staring at the computer.
spend 的主詞須為人,後可接時間或金錢,再接V-ing。例:
‧Robert usually spends his holidays playing basketball.
3. So, I made you do some schoolwork instead.
(1) 此為"make + O + V"的使役動詞句型。
(2) instead adv. 作為替代
‧Paul didn't go to the movie last night; he played baseball with his friends instead.
4. It might seem that I was trying to spoil your fun.
→ I seemed to be trying to spoil your fun.
5. You should spend less time...and more time....
less 與 more 為相反詞,在此用在同一句以突顯其對比性。
6. Both are much better for your health and for your future.
(1) 代名詞both 在此指上一句的studying和playing sports 這兩件事,可單獨使用,或以both of 的形式出現。例:
‧Both of them have brown hair.
(2) much 用來修飾比較級,其他可用於修飾比較級的還有a lot, a little, far, a bit等。
之後,今天晚上,當我正在看書時,你靜悄悄地進到我的房間。當你在門口駐足時,我不耐煩地抬頭看了你一眼。你安靜地像隻老鼠。「你要幹什麼?」我對你問道。不發一語,你走到我桌前,給了我一張字條。然後,你就一溜煙地跑上樓去睡覺。
1. ...while I was reading a book.
while 通常引導進行式的子句,表「正在做…」。例:
‧I was playing video games while my father was sleeping.
字詞辨義
as, while, when皆為表「時間」的從屬連接詞,表「當…的時候」,as表示的時間涵義介於when和while之間。依句意,時間較長者,as相當於while;時間較短者,as相當於when。when和as一樣,可以表「一點/一段時間」;而while只可表「一段時間」。例:
‧My mom sang as/when she was washing the clothes.
‧As /While we were waiting for the bus, it began to rain heavily.
‧As /When she got the bad news, she cried.
(不可用while)
‧Be quiet while/when I am talking to you.
(when也可表「一段時間」)
但三者之中,只有as可用於連接兩個逐漸發展或演變的動作或狀態。例:
‧As time passed by, our hope sank.
2. You were as quiet as a mouse.
關於as + Adj + as 的原級比較用法,詳見本課句型解析一。通常在as...as 的結構中,第一個as 可以省略。
3. without a word為「不發一語」之意。
當我讀這張字條時,一陣悔意的波瀾襲上我心。突然間,我發現我對待你的方式竟是如此糟糕。我期待你表現得和我一樣好。但是,之後我開始回想我自己的青少年時期。我記得我也是做一些趕流行的事情,而我的父親並不喜歡我那樣。事實上,讀完這張字條之後,我了解到我們兩人是多麼相像啊。這是今晚對我來說唯一要緊的事,兒子。當你入睡時,我已經來到你身邊,為的是說一聲抱歉。
1. hit在此表示「突然意識到」。例:
‧A wave of guilt hit me after I lied to my parents.
2. I suddenly saw [how poorly I had treated you].
(1) how...you為how 引導的名詞子句,作saw的受詞。
(2) 過去完成式had treated 表示動作發生在saw之前。
3. ...behave as well as I.
well是good的副詞,修飾behave,關於as + Adv + as的用法,詳見本課句型解析一。
4. teenage years可代換為in one's teens,指「青少年時期」。
5. I remembered that I had also followed the
latest fashions, and my father hadn't liked them.
(1) 過去完成式had followed 和hadn't liked表示動作發生在remembered之前。
(2) follow (a) fashion表示「跟隨潮流」。
6. In fact, after reading the note, I realized [how similar we really are].
(1) in fact = as a matter of fact 事實上
(2) ...after reading the note...
→ ...after I read the note...
(3) ...realized how similar...
此為疑問詞how引導的名詞子句作為realized的受詞。
7. This is the only thing that matters to me....
(1) 因先行詞中有the only,故在此關係代名詞必須用that,不可用which代換。
(2) matter vi. (對某人而言)重要
‧It doesn't matter to me whether Mike likes me or not.
我明白這樣做並不夠,但是我不認為如果我親自向你解釋這些事情,你就會了解。明天,我要做一個稱職的爸爸,來彌補這一切。即使我們爭吵,我要你永遠記住一件事:兒子,不論你做什麼,我將永遠愛你。
1. this是指上一句父親道歉一事。
2. ...I don't think [you would understand if I tried to explain it to you in person].
(1) 這是由that引導的名詞子句you would understand...作think的受詞,that可以省略。
(2) ...you would understand if I tried to....
句型分析
If + S1 + V1-ed, S2 + would + V2....
這是與現在事實相反的假設語氣,表示敘述內容於現在未發生,詳細用法請參見第三冊第二課句型解析二。
(3) explain sth to sb 向某人解釋某事
‧Don't be mad! I'll explain everything that had happened to you.
(4) in person 親自,直接地
‧You should go and discuss the problem with your teacher in person.
3. by 表示「藉著…(方法)」。例:
‧He makes a living by selling books and magazines.
4. even if (= even though),比if 語氣更強烈,為表示「讓步」的從屬連接詞,為「即使,縱然」之意。
5. No matter what you do....
no matter what為表示讓步的從屬連接詞,為「無論…」之意,詳細用法請參見本課句型解析二。
Cultural Note 資料增補
「洞」見人心──Body Piercing
Body piercing指的是為了戴珠寶等裝飾物而在人體打洞,屬於身體修飾的一部分。piercing一字則是指上述的穿環行為,或是指身體上為穿環所穿的洞孔。有些人穿環是為了宗教或文化因素而穿,有些人則是為了精神上、裝飾性、或是與性有關的緣故而穿。
人類在體表打洞的歷史由來已久──在考古研究的奧地利冰河的冰人木乃伊身上,已發現穿有7到11公釐直徑的耳環;記載人類先祖們生活實錄的《聖經》舊約創世記這卷書中,也有穿鼻環的記錄(創世記24:22);古埃及的法老就有在肚臍打洞的儀式;阿茲提克和馬雅人也流行舌環;印度自十六世紀起,就大吹鼻環風潮;在十九世紀中葉直至二十世紀初的西方,乳頭穿環已發展成為一習以為常的事。這些都證明穿環早在不同地域、不同時期的人類歷史中出現且流傳下來。
以穿耳洞(ear piercing)這個較普遍為現代大眾所接受實行的人體裝飾而言,其存在年代也是斑斑可考(《聖經》出埃及記和申命記中有記載──一是摩西之兄長亞倫下令猶太民眾捐出金耳環來鑄造金牛犢一事;另一個是耶和華規定,耳朵穿洞可以作為奴僕的記號)。它一直留傳到了二十世紀的西方。以美國為例,特別是在20到60年代這一段期間,穿耳洞主要受到美國婦女的青睞,最後被嬉皮(hippie)的男性以及男同性戀(gay)社群所採用,後來又被龐克族(punk)吸收。今日,不論男女,單雙耳穿洞都是見怪不怪了。
反觀國內的情形,隨著部分藝人及哈日族的風潮,一些青少年也跟著流行打洞風。然而,因為打洞風引起的併發症相關案例也因此大增。
不論是單純的傳統耳垂打洞,或是現代耍酷愛炫的打洞方式,基本上可能產生的問題都一樣,包括:傷口發炎腫脹、傳染疾病(如:愛滋病、肝炎)、對金屬掛環過敏、疤痕肥厚或蟹足腫等。但是由於穿洞的部位改變了,組織反應的狀況也不同。以往在耳垂上穿耳洞問題較少,但現在的打洞方式相較起來變得多樣化,包括:在耳朵軟骨處、舌頭、肚臍、乳頭、鼻側或下體打洞,所衍生的問題也較多。例如,不像耳垂穿洞只是在耳垂肉上打個洞,高位置的耳洞會穿過軟骨的區域,由於軟骨的血液循環較少,對細菌的扺抗力也較弱,風險自然會比較大。
根據1998年明尼蘇達大學一篇醫學研究報告指出,穿高位耳洞傷口發炎的機率為30%,且一旦細菌感染波及軟骨導致急性軟骨炎(一般在打洞後三至四星期發生),發炎紅腫或軟骨壞死的範圍就會迅速擴大,容易造成耳朵嚴重變形。因此,耳洞打在耳朵較高處要相當小心。此外,值得注意的是,舌頭穿洞時,由於神經血管密佈,疼痛及腫脹自然相當明顯,極可能妨礙到語言、咀嚼及吞嚥功能,口腔衛生若不注意,細菌感染的機率也很大。
由於在體表上打洞引發的諸多醫療問題,愈來愈多歐美學者呼籲應廣為宣導穿洞時的注意事項及強調術後照顧的重要,甚至有的主張立法規範,只有特定的人員才能施行體表打洞。這樣的話,對於那些洞洞族無形中就多了一些保障。
III. Topics for Discussion
1. 第一題教師可以請同學們討論後,鼓勵他們盡可能以完整英語句子來回答。
2. 第二題用意在於讓學生思考自己的生活經驗,若有類似的情形是如何解決的,若沒有者,試想一下他們遇到時會如何面對因應。
參考解答
1. The father wants his son to know that he really feels sorry for the way he treated him. The reason he did those things is because he cares about his son. And if possible, he would like to make up for it by being a more considerate father. Above all, no matter what
his son does, he will always love him.
2. (1) I would stay calm, and I wouldn't say anything even if I had done something wrong.
(2) I would fight for my own rights/freedom, no matter what my parents might say. This is my own life and I am the boss.
(3)I would apologize for my wrongdoing. I think my parents would understand and forgive me.
I. Words for Production
1. purpose n. [C] 目的;用途
字詞搭配
for/with the purpose of V-ing 為了…
serve the purpose of 達到某個作用
on purpose 故意地(相反詞:by accident)
‧Sue worked out for/with the purpose of losing weight.
‧These comic books serve the purpose of keeping the children occupied during the treatment.
‧I can't believe that some people would hurt those cute kittens on purpose.
2. fashion
(1) n. [C] 流行的東西(或樣式);流行服飾
‧Mr. Anderson is looking for men's fashions in the department store.
‧Baggy clothes used to be men's fashion.
(2) n. [U] 流行,時尚
字詞搭配
be in fashion 正流行
be/go out of fashion 不流行
come into fashion 又流行起來
follow (a) fashion 趕時髦
‧Don't throw your old clothes away so early. They may be in fashion again someday.
‧If you wear this hat now, you are totally out of fashion.
‧Long skirts have come into fashion these days.
‧Don't try to follow fashion all the time. Save your time and money for your studies.
fashionable adj. 流行的,時髦的
‧It is fashionable to travel with your pets now.
4. asleep adj. 睡著的(不用在名詞前)
字詞搭配
fall asleep 入睡
fast/sound asleep 睡得很熟
‧It is dangerous to fall asleep when you drive.
5. tongue
(1) n. [C] 舌頭
‧You'll bite your tongue if you continue to talk while eating.
(2) n. [C] 語言,口語
字詞搭配
sharp tongue 尖酸刻薄的話
slip of the tongue 說錯話,失言
mother/native tongue 母語
tongue twister 繞口令
‧A slip of the tongue can sometimes make you lose face in public.
‧What's your mother tongue (= native language)?
6. disease n. [C][U] 疾病
字詞搭配
suffer from a disease 患某種疾病
catch a disease 感染某種疾病
‧Marian has suffered from a rare heart disease for many years.
‧Matthew caught the disease from one of his friends.
字詞搭配
disease 指的是「特定且有名稱的疾病」,而illness 則是指「一般性、不健康的狀態」。例:
‧A serious illness prevented Jason from attending classes for a month.
7. stare vi. 凝視,盯著看(強調因恐懼或好奇而睜大眼睛看)
‧The babysitter stared in disapproval at those noisy kids.
字詞辨義
其他常見表「看(到)」的字尚有:
see指「不經意看(到)」,例:
‧I looked out of the window but saw nobody.
look 指「有意識地看」,例:
‧If you look carefully, you will see tiny spots on the wall.
watch指「注意、觀察運動/變化的物體」,例:watch TV/a football game。
10. wave
(1) n. [C] (情緒的)高漲,波動
‧A wave of anger hit me when I found my MP3 player was stolen.
(2) n. [C] 海浪,波浪
‧The wave ran so high that we couldn't see the boat easily from here.
(3) n. [C] (頭髮的)鬈曲
‧Julia's hair has a fashionable wave that makes her a charming girl.
(4) vi. 搖晃
‧The branches of the apple tree are waving in the wind.
(5) vt. (向人)揮手(示意);揮手以示方向
‧We waved a greeting to our teacher.
‧The policeman standing on the street waved us through.
11. regret
(1) n. [U][C] 懊悔,悔恨
字詞搭配
much to one's regret 令某人非常遺憾…
have no regrets 不後悔
‧Much to my regret, I cannot attend your wedding ceremony next Sunday.
‧I have no regrets about quitting this well-paid job.
(2) vt. 懊悔,悔恨
‧I regret telling Judy the secret about my family.
‧We regret to inform you that your application was not accepted by our school.
‧Peter, I regret to say that you are fired.
regretful adj. 懊悔的,遺憾的
‧I feel regretful that I didn't grab the chance of studying abroad.
12. expect
(1) vt. 期望,要求
‧Some parents expect too much of their children.
‧Don't expect others to help you all the time. Do it yourself.
(2) vt. 預料,預期
‧Your performance is better than I expected.
‧ We are expecting it to snow in this area. (expect用進行式,表示「認為某件事將會發生」的預期)
字詞辨義
其他表「預期,期望」的字尚有:
hope指「期望的事很有可能實現」。例:
‧I hope I will become a writer in the future.
wish則是指「不太可能實現的事」,後面通常接假設語氣。例:
‧I wish I were an eagle flying in the sky.
expectation n. [C][U] 期望;預料
‧There is little expectation of a good harvest this year.
字詞搭配
in expectation of 預料
against/contrary to (all) expectations
出乎意料
live /come up to one's expectations
達到某人的期望
‧We took an umbrella with us in expectation of rain today.
‧Against all expectations, Jerry won first prize in the speech contest.
‧It's hard to live up to my parents' expectations.
13. behave
(1) vi. 行為,舉止
‧Ann behaved so well that the teacher praised
her in front of the class.
字詞搭配
behave as if/though + S + V...
表現得彷彿…(後接假設語氣)
‧My cousin always behaves as if he knew everything. Actually, he doesn't.
字詞辨義
behave和act兩者都有「行為」之意,但behave著重在「道德或禮貌上的行為舉止」,而act強調「短暫的、個別的或比較具體的行為」。例:
‧The boy behaved in a very polite way.
‧The soldier acted bravely during the battle.
(2) vt. 守規矩
字詞搭配
behave oneself 注意…自己的言行
‧Boys, behave yourselves in public or you will be punished.
behavior n. [U] 行為,舉止
‧Parents' behavior surely has a great influence on their children.
14. similar adj. 相似的
‧When it comes to the advantages of the MRT system, we have similar opinions.
字詞搭配
A + be similar to + B + in... A和B在…(方面)相似
‧The two drinks are similar in appearance but different in flavor.
similarity
(1) n. [C] 相似點
‧The two applicants have similarities in age and background.
(2) n. [U] 相似
‧I can see the similarity of character between Henry and his father. They are both humorous.
III. Idioms and Phrases
1. on purpose 故意地,有意地
‧Phil didn't show up again! Don't you think he didn't attend the meeting on purpose?
2. in a flash 一瞬間,馬上
*同義詞*
like a flash, quick as a flash
‧With MSN Messenger, your friends can get your messages in a flash.
3. make up for 彌補,補償
‧We all know it's useless to make up for lost time.
4. even if 即使,縱然
*同義詞*
even though
此為表讓步的從屬連接詞。例:
‧Even if David was sick, he still went to school today.
Grammar in Use
1. ...as + Adj/Adv + as...
這個句型是以形容詞和副詞原級來表示二者在某方面相等的比較,是屬於英文修辭格式中的明喻(simile),用來表達兩種人或事物在某個特質上是相同的。寫作時適時運用此句型,可以使文章內容活潑生動,激發讀者的想像力。例:
‧He is as patient as his grandmother.
‧My puppy is not as hairy as yours.
‧George studies as hard as you.
本句型的否定用法如下所示:
句型分析
...not + as + Adj/Adv + as...
→...not + so/as + Adj/Adv + as...
注意,只有否定可以用so...as...的用法。
‧Mandy is not as pretty as her sister.
→ Mandy is not so pretty as her sister.
這個句型之前可以用副詞almost, nearly, just 等修飾。例:
‧Your wallet is almost as cheap as mine.
‧The bread is just as hard as a rock.
‧Your handwriting is nearly as good as the teacher's.
以下補充一些常見的慣用語:
慣用語
as strong as an ox
as stubborn as a mule
as blind as a bat
as wise as an owl
as easy as pie
as proud as a peacock
as brave as a lion
as free as a bird
as hungry as a bear
as light as a feather
as slow as a snail
as busy as a bee
as cool as a cucumber
*句型練習補充:
利用句型改寫下列句子。
1. My grandfather is 75 years old, and my grandmother is, too.
→ ____________________________________
2. I'm quite tall, but Joe is taller.
→ I'm not _____________________________.
3. Maria walks slowly, and a snail walks slowly, too.
→ I think ______________________________.
4. Italian food is delicious, and Japanese food is delicious, too.
→ I think ______________________________.
5. Tina's salary is good, but Sandy's is better.
→ Tina's salary isn't _____________________________________________________________________________.
參考解答
1. My grandfather is as old as my grandmother.
2. as tall as Joe
3. Maria walks as slowly as a snail
4. Italian food is as delicious as Japanese food
5. as good as Sandy's
2. no matter what/where/when/who/how
本句型將no matter 接疑問詞的附屬連接詞用法作一介紹,且「no matter +疑問詞」可以跟「疑問詞+ -ever」代換:
句型分析
no matter what = whatever 不論什麼…
no matter where = wherever 不論哪裡…
no matter when = whenever 不論何時…
no matter who = whoever 不論是誰…
no matter how = however 不論如何…
‧No matter what (= Whatever) you say, I won't trust you anymore.
‧No matter where (= Wherever) I go, I will stay in touch with you.
‧No matter when (= Whenever) you need my CD player, you can borrow it.
‧No matter who (= Whoever) you are, you can't use the cell phone during the meeting.
‧No matter how (= However) hard he tried, he still failed.
教師可視上課時間與學生程度斟酌補充下列用法:
(1) 「no matter +疑問詞」所引導的副詞子句要置於句首,不可置於動詞後當受詞;而「疑問詞 + -ever」則可置於句首或動詞後當受詞。例:
‧Mary would take no matter what her boyfriend gave her. (×)
‧Mary would take whatever her boyfriend gave her. (○)
(2) no matter what 後可以接名詞。例:
‧No matter what product you buy in the store, you need to pay in cash.
*句型練習補充:
A. 利用句型完成下列句子。
1. ___________ you do, I will support you.
2. ___________ you visit in the U.S., you can
always find people from different countries.
3. ___________ calls, don't answer the phone.
4. ___________ happens, I'll help you.
5. ___________ you get into trouble, give me
a call.
6. ___________ delicious the ice cream was,
she refused to eat it.
參考解答
A.
1. No matter what
2. No matter where
3. No matter who
4. No matter what
5. No matter when
6. No matter how
B. 請從下列I欄和II欄各選一句,利用句型寫出完整的句子。
I.
1. ...Emma tells me, ...
2. ...Anna travels, ...
3. ...you are, ...
4. ...I called Helen today, ...
5. ...Allen gave her, ...
II.
‧...you have to obey the school rules.
‧...her line was busy.
‧...I don't believe it.
‧...she always has a good time.
‧...Linda treasured it very much.
1. _____________________________________
2. _____________________________________
3. _____________________________________
4. _____________________________________
5. _____________________________________
參考解答
B.
1. No matter what Emma tells me, I don't believe it.
2. No matter where Anna travels, she always has a good time.
3. No matter who you are, you have to obey the school rules.
4. No matter when I called Helen today, her line was busy.
5. No matter what Allen gave her, Linda treasured it very much.
補充資料
補充資料
寫網誌過生活──部落格(blog)
網誌,或稱為「部落格」,其名稱來自weblog,顧名思義,是web (網路) + log (日誌;紀錄)的簡化(weblog是Jorn Barger在1997年12月17日所創造;blog則是Peter Merholz在1999年的4或5月所創造)。網誌其實也是網站(website)的一種形式,特別的地方在於它的入口就好像紙本的日誌或日記一樣,而且是以與時間先後次序相反的方式來呈現。除了可以分享嗜好,集結同好之外,有些部落格常針對特定主題,以提供評論或公告新聞的方式進行,主題可涵蓋飲食、旅遊、政治或地方新聞;有些則以單純的個人線上日記來建構。典型的部落格包含主體的文字、影像、以及與其他部落格、網頁和相關主題之媒體的連結。
說到部落格的歷史,其實早在部落格風行之前,如Usenet, e-mail list和電子佈告欄(bulletin board systems,俗稱BBS)等數位社區就已大行其道,但是一直到1900年代後期到2001年,隨著部落格工具演進得更容易上手,更易於發佈,加上幾個以政治議題為焦點的部落格變得家喻戶曉,部落格的數目才如雨後春筍般大量出現。突然間,閱讀部落格被公認是獲知世界大事的有效方法之一,而隨著網路的無遠弗屆,撰寫部落格日誌也被視為可能比傳統出版刊物擁有更多讀者的一個方式。
部落格的屬性,可依不同的角度來劃分,例如:若是以使用行動電話或PDA (Personal Digital Assistant,個人數位助理)為對象來設計、編輯部落格的就可稱為molog;就文體(genre)來分,有政治性的political log和以旅遊導向的travel log;或是以部落格分享交流形式分的,例如:照片photoblog (photograph)、影片vlog (videos)以及聲音podcasting (audio)。
至於部落格風行的程度如何?以Xanga這個網站為例,它創立於1996年,到1997年為止,才只有100篇日記,但是直到2005年,
已有超過五千萬篇了。此外,blog在政治的影響力上,尤其以美國最為顯著。在2004年,blog不但成為Merriam-Webster's大辭典增列的新字,更以主流之姿形成另一政治角力場──不論是民主或是共和兩黨的大會,皆以具有指標性部落格之言論及其「格主」作為文宣的利器。在成長數據上,截至2006 年初為止,有超過三千六百萬個部落格,每天都會新開七萬五千個。有些部落格因為太受歡迎了,出版商還將它們出版成書。現在每年都會頒獎給以部落格為起始的最佳書籍。
儘管部落格剛開始為個人化的產物,但是在商業上的用途仍不可小覷。部落格除了在公司機構內部可作為提升良性溝通和文化水準的媒介,更可以對外作為行銷、品牌或公關之用(這類部落格也稱為corporate blog)。舉例來說,有些公司還請人替他們的產品寫網誌,寄望借助個人實際且生活化的角度來為其產品現身說法。事實上,若你發現這些言論有「言過其實」的時候,不用懷疑,他們極可能是由公司的員工或是專職的「打手」所發表的。
English Workshop
I. I Am Sorry
1. 每個人難免會有犯錯或疏忽的時候。向別人表達歉意時,可以對自身所犯的過失或苦衷做出解釋,並祈求對方諒解或原諒。教師可以先帶學生將課本所列的用語唸一至兩遍,讓學生熟悉常見的說法。
2. 將學生分組練習作課本的對話,也可抽選幾組學生上臺表演。
3. 以下為一些道歉情境,例如:失約、失禮、犯錯、爭吵、傷了別人的心等狀況的相關用法補充,可提供給學生參考。
(1) 失約
‧I apologize to you for missing our appointment.
‧I'm sorry. You must be angry with me for forgetting our date.
‧Is there any way that I can make up for my forgetfulness?
(2) 失禮/失言
‧I didn't mean to offend you.
‧I'm sorry for being rude the other day.
‧I hope you can forgive my rudeness. I didn't know what I was saying.
‧Please forgive me. I really had no intention of behaving that way.
(3) 犯錯
‧I do feel regretful about what I have done.
‧I deeply regretted talking back to my dad. I wish I hadn't done that.
(4) 爭吵
‧I would like to get together with you and talk our disagreement out.
‧I am sorry about the misunderstanding. Can we have a talk?
(5) 傷了某人的心
‧I feel really bad about breaking your heart.
‧I'm sorry for hurting your feelings the other day.
4. 以下補充對於他人道歉的回應:
‧Not at all.
‧No harm done.
‧It doesn't matter.
‧Think nothing of it.
‧I totally understand.
‧It's not your fault.
‧Let's forget about it.
‧You don't have to apologize.
5. 如果還有時間,教師可請學生們腦力激盪完成一至兩個簡短的對話,然後抽點或請學生自願上臺演示成果,再由教師檢討講評。
II. How to Write a Letter of Apology
1. 第二個活動要帶領學生做道歉短信的寫作,老師可提示學生幾個道歉信書寫的原則。雖然日常生活的道歉信並不如商業書信那麼正式、制式化,但是學生仍然可以藉由這個機會,學習表達自己的誠心悔意,以獲得受信者的諒解,進而得到對方再次的信任和接納。教師可請學生在課後再將成品潤飾後,交由教師改正,等下一堂課時,由教師挑選出不錯的作品進行講解和表揚。
2. 教師可利用課本的範例,簡單複習第二冊第八課English Workshop所提過英文信函的基本架構。英文信函大致包含抬頭(greeting)、正文(body)及結語(closing)。抬頭部分是由Dear、My dear或Dearest加上名字或職稱等所組成;而結尾第一個字母須大寫,其後加上逗號。常用的結尾語有:Yours faithfully (最正式的)、Sincerely yours (用於較不正式)、Best wishes/regards (用於非正式和熟識之間),若對方是較親密的對象時,可用Love、With love,最後再以署名結尾。
3. 以下是幾個道歉信書寫的原則,提供學生在思考和下筆時依循的方向:
(1) 一開始就精確地指出自己所犯的錯誤。例如:"I shouldn't have lost my temper when...." 或 "I have looked all over the place, but I'm afraid I have lost your book...."等。
(2) 為自己所做的事承擔責任,同時不去怪罪第三者。例如:"I accept full responsibility for what happened...." 或 "I know this was completely my fault...."
(3) 在信中承諾不再重複做出這類冒犯或得罪對方的事,並且要求對方能給你機會彌補。
4. 教師可請學生利用網路搜尋一些英文賀卡網站,或是運用課本上補充的道歉用語,試著寫道歉信給想要表達歉意的人,或是反之寫出接受他人對自己道歉的原諒書信。
5. 以下補充有關道歉和回應歉意的對話題目,可供學生練習。
( B ) 1. A: I am terribly sorry for making the
mistake.
B: ______ Forget it.
(A) Am I wrong?
(B) It doesn't matter at all.
(C) What happened?
(D) I'm glad you like it.
( A ) 2. A: ______ I shouldn't say that to hurt
you.
B: Not at all.
(A) Please forgive me.
(B) What's wrong with you?
(C) Am I wrong this time?
(D) What happened?
( C ) 3. A: I broke your cup by accident. Sorry
about that. ______
B: That's all right. I'll give you another
chance.
(A) Tell me the truth.
(B) Nice to hear from you.
(C) Can you forgive me?
(D) It doesn't matter to me.
( B ) 4. A: I didn't mean to offend you, sir.
B: ______
(A) I don't know.
(B) I accept your apology.
(C) Are you kidding?
(D) Let's call it a day.
( C ) 5. A: ______
B: That's all right?
(A) What's the problem?
(B) I doubt about it.
(C) I'm sorry for being late again.
(D) Are you kidding?
( D ) 6. A: I must apologize for my behavior
yesterday.
B: ______ I understand?
(A) Can you do that again?
(B) What's wrong with you?
(C) I'm sorry.
(D) Never mind.
( A ) 7. A: I am sorry for breaking your vase.
B: ______
(A) Don't worry about it.
(B) Be kind to everybody.
(C) I beg your pardon.
(D) Thank you so much.
( B ) 8. A: I'm sorry that I couldn't make it on
time.
B: ______
(A) How about you?
(B) No problem.
(C) You're welcome.
(D) Couldn't be better.
參考解答
Dear Mr. Brown,
I would like to apologize to you. It was all my fault to talk back to you when you wanted to show me right manners in class. I want to say sorry for that and please don't be angry with me. I will try to be a good student from now on. Please forgive me.
Sincerely,
Jason
Conversation
當傑森看到他的女友朵拉正在和別的男孩說話時,他大發雷霆。後來他發現那位男孩是朵拉的表哥,他就向朵拉道歉。(J = 傑森,D = 朵拉)
J: 朵拉,我對妳發脾氣的事,我覺得很抱歉。我並不知道和妳在一起的那個帥哥是妳的表哥。
1. ...he saw her talking to another boy.
句型分析
see + O + V-ing
此為感官動詞see的用法,後面接受詞和現在分詞,表示「看見某人正在做某事」。
2. find out 為「發現,查明」之意。例:
‧The teacher found out that Tom smoked at school today.
D: 那不是藉口。我有自由和任何人說話,不論是男的或女的。
J: 我知道。我只是嫉妒,就這樣而已。我該如何補償妳呢?
D: 嗯,你可以先從信任我開始。
J: 妳還在生我的氣,對吧?
D: 傷心多過生氣,因為你的行為非常幼稚。你知道我不會和其他人約會的。
J: 我實在對我的所作所為感到懊悔。我希望我沒有因此毀了一切。
D: 就差那麼一點。我希望你將來能表現得更好。
J: 會的,我保證。我知道我犯了大錯。妳可以原諒我嗎?
D: 不盡然,但是我想我可以再給你一次機會。
J: 噢,朵拉,謝謝你。相信我,妳不會後悔的!
3. excuse 為「理由,藉口」之意。例:
‧The student gave a poor excuse for being late for school today.
4. That's all.
這句話表示「事情或話就這些沒別的了」。
5. make it up to sb 表示「補償某人」。例:
‧How can we make it up to you for all your losses?
6. You're still angry, aren't you?
此為附加問句用法,前面敘述句為肯定,故附加問句要用否定,反之亦然。例:
‧Paul is familiar with this poem, isn't he?
‧Linda doesn't like sports, does she?
7. More sad than angry.
→ I am more sad than angry.
此為"more Adj + than + Adj" 的用法,表示「…更甚於…」,強調前者的成分大過於後者。例:
‧My father felt more sad than angry when my brother lied to him.
8. I promise. 我保證
→ I can promise you.
‧I won't make the same mistake again, I promise.
9. forgive vt. 原諒,寬恕
‧We'll never forgive Frank for what he has done to us.
10. You won't regret it! 你不會後悔的!
‧Trust me one more time and you won't regret it!
Listening Practice
本聽力單元練習全民英檢初級的「問答」題型,以下題目的題幹與選項均與本課內容相關。
[聽力腳本]
1. Mary, I'm really sorry if I was rude to you last night.
2. Oh. Sorry. I didn't know this was your seat.
3. I really regret shouting at John. I think I've spoiled our friendship.
4. Sorry, Lucy. I behaved so terribly at the party. How can I make up for my bad behavior?
5. So sorry I'm late. I got stuck in a traffic jam.
補充資料
猜猜我是誰──Cosplay (角色扮演)
Cosplay是「costume (服裝) + play (扮演)」的縮寫形式,精確來說是指「穿著奇特服裝以進行角色扮演活動」之意。Cosplay就是一種扮裝遊戲,若從廣義的角度來解釋,不論是電視上的綜藝節目中紅極一時的明星模仿秀,或是以模仿政治名人亂開玩笑的演出,都可以稱之為Cosplay。因此,Cosplay的定義就是模仿一個既有角色,藉由相同的服裝、造型或相同的動作、習慣,來達到模仿或扮演的用意,且被模仿的角色可能是真實人物或是虛幻人物。反之,若是一般玩家的觀點來解釋Cosplay ,那就僅限於針對動畫、漫畫或電玩的範圍所作的角色扮演了。
關於Cosplay的起源說法不一,其中一個說法是:Cosplay這個名詞,是由日本一工作室Nov Takahashi (Studio Hard成員之一)在1984年所創造。在他參加完當時在洛杉磯舉辦的世界科幻小說博覽會之後,對於那些化裝舞會般的奇特裝扮留下深刻的印象。回國以後便在日本的科幻小說雜誌上大肆報導當時的種種盛況,間接促成了這一股角色扮演的風氣。另一說法是:早在約1960至1970年間,日本學校的文化祭、運動會或園遊會中,就有特殊的裝扮活動出現,然而早期比較接近於「服裝扮演」而已,而未有特定角色的模仿扮演。到後半時期,以美國動漫畫中的蝙蝠俠和超人為模仿對象,逐漸出現了以這兩種造型打扮的人,而進入「角色扮演」的範疇內。1972年,日本第一次正式的Cosplay Show於是誕生了。1980年後,一般的玩家也開始出現在Cosplay的會場中,還有漫畫家本人自己打扮上場,之後由於Macross (超時空要塞)與其他動畫的興起,Cosplay也發展成以動畫為主流。Cosplay的精細度也越來越講究,甚至出現了專為Cosplay而參加活動的人。
然而,在1983到1984年間,Cosplay也曾出現令人憂心的局面──由於Cosplay精細度要求之故,各種擬真武器紛紛出籠,同時也增加了Cosplay的危險性,而後又爆發某家電視臺採訪Cosplay時,企圖誘導Cosplay玩家做出危險動作,及引導玩家做出不適當的發言,引發許多玩家們的反彈!到了1987年後,由於「聖鬥士星矢」再造Cosplay的旋風,許多的大型鍇甲炫目一時,此時的Cosplay也從動漫畫推展到小說、電玩或電影領域上,漸漸出現分化。另一方面,一些活動大會由於Cosplay具有危險性,逐漸對Cosplay做出諸多限制,1989年,在東京都內舉辦的許多展覽會場甚至相繼禁止Cosplay進入,使得Cosplay的玩家一下子銳減不少。
1991年後,Cosplay的玩家開始自律,除了在活動會場裡對Cosplay的內容有一些規範,同時對玩家們的需求設想周到,例如:開始設置更衣室供玩家使用, 而後Cosplay這個名詞也更廣為人知,成為日本青少年次文化中重要的一部分。
回顧Cosplay的發展歷程,起初僅偏重少女漫畫風格,多以專業人員為主,後來,很快地Cosplay成為一般在發表會場中必然出現的賣點,例如:臺灣現在許多電玩的發表會上,都會有人(較多是由藝人)負責扮演遊戲中的角色,以達到促進買氣的效果。近來,甚至標榜以Cosplay少女服務的餐廳或咖啡廳更成為一項著重菜色美味可口以外的新賣點。
Cosplay雖然是自日本傳入,但是臺灣也不落人後,源起於臺灣的本土文化──布袋戲──其實也有同樣的角色扮演活動。
類似國劇中角色的多樣化,布袋戲的角色一向性格鮮明,而玩家對於其中角色的愛恨也非常明顯;基於追求Cosplay的原始動機和最高境界──「化身其中」,許多玩家也喜愛裝扮成布袋戲中的人物。只是由於布袋戲的造型向來是以華麗取勝,越是華麗精緻的造型,在服裝、配件上面越複雜,製作起來更是所費不貲。若玩家很講究,要求扮裝的物件要接近於原設定材質,像是羽毛頭飾、金屬披掛等等,置裝費自然是很驚人。因此,若是真的手癢想玩一下Cosplay,得先摸摸自己的荷包了。
☆課後練習難題解析
I. Vocabulary
1. wonder n. [U] 驚嘆,驚訝;in wonder 驚嘆地
2. right now 立刻,馬上
6. be similar to 和…相似
8. against all expectations 出乎意料地;by表示「相差…」。
II. Idioms and Phrases
1. amazed adj. 吃驚的,驚訝的
4. find out 表示「發現(真相、事實)」,後面接what 所引導的名詞子句當其受詞。
III. Cloze Test
1. 這裡用(B)「more and more + 複數名詞」,表示「愈來愈多的…」。
2. 若使役動詞make後接的受詞為「被動接受動作者」時,其後接的動詞須為過去分詞(Vpp),故選(C) making; pierced。
3. (A) beyond/against one's expectations 表示「出乎某人意料地」。
4. 這個空格後接的是problems 的實例,包括speech difficulties 和 broken teeth,故用such as 。
6. seem 表示「好像,似乎」,後面接形容詞。
IV. Guided Translation
2. 這裡的whenever相當於every time when的用法;後面主要子句的動詞為spend,其後須接V-ing,故用staying和staring。
5. 這裡a wave of regret後的分詞片語hitting 是由which/that hit省略而來的;後面原級比較中的as hard as的副詞hard用來修飾study。
☆其他相關參考資料
A. 相關書籍
1. 親子溝通用心談,曾文志著。師友月刊雜誌社出版,2005。
2. 親子溝通零距離,劉慈惠著。信誼文化出版 ,2004。
3. 你會聽,孩子就肯說:親子溝通六大妙方,安戴爾‧法柏(Adele Faber) &伊蓮‧瑪茲利許(Elaine Mazlish)合著,謝凱蒂譯。天下文化出版,2006。
B. 相關網站
1. http://www.bookzone.com.tw/event/honglian/
index.asp
(洪蘭教授親子講座)
2. http://www.socialwork.com.hk/index.htm
(青少年相關議題討論)
3. http://www.cib.gov.tw/young/index.aspx
(內政部警政署青少年特區)
請聽我說
☆教學目標
1. 透過父子之間的真情對話,讓學生以不同的角色觀點,思索兩代之間價值觀的差異及父母對孩子的期待。
2. 學會並活用本課單字、片語和形容詞/副詞原級表示法:...as + Adj/Adv + as...與no matter what/where/when/who/how的句型。
3. 藉由閱讀課文及課堂活動,讓學生學習用英文表達歉意(making an apology)、接受他人道歉(accepting one's apology)及寫道歉信(a letter of apology)的用語。
☆本課導讀
兩代之間總是埋藏著許多衝突的情感,一方面,切身髮膚的血緣關係是割捨不開的連繫;另一方面,成長中慘綠少年的難以理解和少不更事,更是代溝產生的癥結所在。
課文以一個兒子留給父親的字條開始,引出一個做父親對一日之間的親子關係縮影作出省思,進而化為一篇發人深省的真情告白。
課堂上,教師可以讓學生充分討論現今流行的脈動以及自身和上一代之間的溝通難處所在,進而引導學生培養正確的價值觀和較為有效且溫和的溝通技巧,讓兩代之間的互動更為融洽,讓家庭生活更美滿。
Warm-up
本課課前活動列出四張現今青少年追求的流行事物圖片來進行活動。第一題教師先請學生依自己所認同的流行時尚進行勾選。藉由穿舌環、刺青、角色扮演、奇特(龐克)髮型的例子,探究學生的反應,進一步詢問他們有沒有什麼他們所奉為「上道」且夠「酷、炫」的流行文化,是這四張圖片所沒有列出的,並加以分組討論。
第二題則再請學生們仔細做一反向思考後,參與課堂討論。教師可適時地讓學生明白,在青少年追求自我、崇拜流行的成長過程中,是否曾思考自己的行為有無顧及到家人,尤其是長輩們的感想。從這激發學生自省的過程中,讓學生對於自己在為人子女的角色上,有反向的思考和反省,希望對親子相處有正面、良性的助益。
Reading
親愛的父親:
我並不是你所想像的那麼壞。我不是故意做一些事情要惹你生氣。我身上的穿洞只不過是最新的潮流,而玩線上遊戲是我放鬆的方法。所以,請不要生我的氣。
愛你的凱文
1. I am not as bad as you think.
句型分析
...as + Adj/Adv + as...
這是形容詞原級的句型,詳細用法請參見本課句型解析一。
2. ...make you mad.
make you mad可以用drive you mad/crazy代換,表示「將…逼瘋」之意。
‧The noise from next door really made me mad.
句型分析
make + O + OC (Adj/N)
此處的make 後面接受詞時,需有受詞補語對受詞作修飾補充,表示「使…成為…」之意,詳細用法請參見第二冊第四課句型解析一。例:
‧Sam's excellent cooking skills make him a good cook.
3. My body piercing is just the latest fashion, and
主要子句一
playing online games is my way to relax.
主要子句二
(1) 這兩個不同主詞的主要子句,以連接詞and 連接。
(2) latest adj. 最新的,最近的(僅用於名詞前)
‧This is the latest album of my favorite pop singer.
(3) 主要子句二的主詞為playing online games,因其是動名詞當主詞,故後面用單數動詞is;而其中to relax 當形容詞用,修飾my way。
4. So, please don't be so angry with me.
字詞搭配
be angry at/with sb 生某人的氣
be angry at/about/over sth 對某事物感到生氣
‧My sister was angry with me because I didn't remember her birthday.
‧My dear, what are you angry about?
兒子,當我在和你說話的時候,你躺在床上已經睡著了。幾分鐘前,當我在讀你的字條時,我突然間領悟了某件事。所以我悄悄地到你的臥房,回想今天所發生的點點滴滴。
1. ...you lie in bed asleep.
字詞搭配
lie asleep 躺著入睡
lie awake 躺著睡不著
lie still 躺著不動
2. A few minutes ago....
「一段時間 + ago」表示「以現在為基準多久之前」,常用於過去式,不可用在完成式。例:
‧Mark's puppy died five years ago.
3. ...and thought about [what had happened today].
(1) about的受詞為what引導的名詞子句。
(2) had happened 為過去完成式,表示動作發生在thought about之前。
兒子,今天早上我們共進早餐時,我注意到你口齒不清的樣子。我就強迫你張開嘴巴,竟然看到你在舌頭上穿環。…
1. ...I noticed [you weren't speaking clearly].
notice後接以that引導的名詞子句,that可以省略。
…我對你大聲吼叫,但是這是因為我關心你才會這麼生氣的。我擔心你可能會因為穿環而染上疾病。比如說,你去穿洞的地方不乾淨或技術不夠專業。
2. I forced you to open your mouth and saw that your tongue was pierced.
→ I made you open your mouth and saw your tongue pierced.
force vt. 強迫,逼迫
‧To lose some weight, I force myself to take exercise every day.
3. I shouted at you, but I got so angry only because I care about you.
(1) shout at 表示「對著…吼叫」。例:
‧The couple had a fight and kept shouting at each other.
(2) care about「在乎,關心」在此用簡單現在式表示事實狀況。
4. I worried that you might have caught a disease from this piercing.
(1) I worried....→ I was worried....
(2) "might + have Vpp"用以表示某事過去可能發生,但實際上並未發生的事。
‧That was a bad place to go skiing. You might have broken your leg.
5. Maybe, for example, the place where you got pierced was not clean or professional.
(1) maybe = perhaps = possibly adv. 也許
(後接所修飾的句子)
‧Maybe you should try it one more time.
(2) ...the place where...
where為關係副詞,相當於「介系詞(in, on, at, by...) + 關係代名詞(which)」,詳細用法請參考第二冊第三課句型解析二。
(3) get pierced 為連綴動詞get後接過去分詞的用法,表示「被穿洞」之意,類似用法有:get lost, get killed或get caught等。
之後,今天下午,你放學回來就開始玩線上遊戲了。你花了許多時間就只是坐在電腦前,眼睛盯著螢幕看。因此,我要你去做功課。兒子,看起來好像是我試圖要破壞你的興致,然而,我之所以會如此做,都是因為我關心你。你應該少打電玩,而多花時間讀書和做運動。這兩件事對你的健康和前途才是有益處的。
1. ...when you got back from school, you started to play....
(1) get back 相當於return。例:
‧"What time did you get back from work last night?" my father asked.
(2) started to play→started playing
start後可加to V或V-ing,表示「開始做…」。
2. You spent a lot of time sitting alone and staring at the computer.
spend 的主詞須為人,後可接時間或金錢,再接V-ing。例:
‧Robert usually spends his holidays playing basketball.
3. So, I made you do some schoolwork instead.
(1) 此為"make + O + V"的使役動詞句型。
(2) instead adv. 作為替代
‧Paul didn't go to the movie last night; he played baseball with his friends instead.
4. It might seem that I was trying to spoil your fun.
→ I seemed to be trying to spoil your fun.
5. You should spend less time...and more time....
less 與 more 為相反詞,在此用在同一句以突顯其對比性。
6. Both are much better for your health and for your future.
(1) 代名詞both 在此指上一句的studying和playing sports 這兩件事,可單獨使用,或以both of 的形式出現。例:
‧Both of them have brown hair.
(2) much 用來修飾比較級,其他可用於修飾比較級的還有a lot, a little, far, a bit等。
之後,今天晚上,當我正在看書時,你靜悄悄地進到我的房間。當你在門口駐足時,我不耐煩地抬頭看了你一眼。你安靜地像隻老鼠。「你要幹什麼?」我對你問道。不發一語,你走到我桌前,給了我一張字條。然後,你就一溜煙地跑上樓去睡覺。
1. ...while I was reading a book.
while 通常引導進行式的子句,表「正在做…」。例:
‧I was playing video games while my father was sleeping.
字詞辨義
as, while, when皆為表「時間」的從屬連接詞,表「當…的時候」,as表示的時間涵義介於when和while之間。依句意,時間較長者,as相當於while;時間較短者,as相當於when。when和as一樣,可以表「一點/一段時間」;而while只可表「一段時間」。例:
‧My mom sang as/when she was washing the clothes.
‧As /While we were waiting for the bus, it began to rain heavily.
‧As /When she got the bad news, she cried.
(不可用while)
‧Be quiet while/when I am talking to you.
(when也可表「一段時間」)
但三者之中,只有as可用於連接兩個逐漸發展或演變的動作或狀態。例:
‧As time passed by, our hope sank.
2. You were as quiet as a mouse.
關於as + Adj + as 的原級比較用法,詳見本課句型解析一。通常在as...as 的結構中,第一個as 可以省略。
3. without a word為「不發一語」之意。
當我讀這張字條時,一陣悔意的波瀾襲上我心。突然間,我發現我對待你的方式竟是如此糟糕。我期待你表現得和我一樣好。但是,之後我開始回想我自己的青少年時期。我記得我也是做一些趕流行的事情,而我的父親並不喜歡我那樣。事實上,讀完這張字條之後,我了解到我們兩人是多麼相像啊。這是今晚對我來說唯一要緊的事,兒子。當你入睡時,我已經來到你身邊,為的是說一聲抱歉。
1. hit在此表示「突然意識到」。例:
‧A wave of guilt hit me after I lied to my parents.
2. I suddenly saw [how poorly I had treated you].
(1) how...you為how 引導的名詞子句,作saw的受詞。
(2) 過去完成式had treated 表示動作發生在saw之前。
3. ...behave as well as I.
well是good的副詞,修飾behave,關於as + Adv + as的用法,詳見本課句型解析一。
4. teenage years可代換為in one's teens,指「青少年時期」。
5. I remembered that I had also followed the
latest fashions, and my father hadn't liked them.
(1) 過去完成式had followed 和hadn't liked表示動作發生在remembered之前。
(2) follow (a) fashion表示「跟隨潮流」。
6. In fact, after reading the note, I realized [how similar we really are].
(1) in fact = as a matter of fact 事實上
(2) ...after reading the note...
→ ...after I read the note...
(3) ...realized how similar...
此為疑問詞how引導的名詞子句作為realized的受詞。
7. This is the only thing that matters to me....
(1) 因先行詞中有the only,故在此關係代名詞必須用that,不可用which代換。
(2) matter vi. (對某人而言)重要
‧It doesn't matter to me whether Mike likes me or not.
我明白這樣做並不夠,但是我不認為如果我親自向你解釋這些事情,你就會了解。明天,我要做一個稱職的爸爸,來彌補這一切。即使我們爭吵,我要你永遠記住一件事:兒子,不論你做什麼,我將永遠愛你。
1. this是指上一句父親道歉一事。
2. ...I don't think [you would understand if I tried to explain it to you in person].
(1) 這是由that引導的名詞子句you would understand...作think的受詞,that可以省略。
(2) ...you would understand if I tried to....
句型分析
If + S1 + V1-ed, S2 + would + V2....
這是與現在事實相反的假設語氣,表示敘述內容於現在未發生,詳細用法請參見第三冊第二課句型解析二。
(3) explain sth to sb 向某人解釋某事
‧Don't be mad! I'll explain everything that had happened to you.
(4) in person 親自,直接地
‧You should go and discuss the problem with your teacher in person.
3. by 表示「藉著…(方法)」。例:
‧He makes a living by selling books and magazines.
4. even if (= even though),比if 語氣更強烈,為表示「讓步」的從屬連接詞,為「即使,縱然」之意。
5. No matter what you do....
no matter what為表示讓步的從屬連接詞,為「無論…」之意,詳細用法請參見本課句型解析二。
Cultural Note 資料增補
「洞」見人心──Body Piercing
Body piercing指的是為了戴珠寶等裝飾物而在人體打洞,屬於身體修飾的一部分。piercing一字則是指上述的穿環行為,或是指身體上為穿環所穿的洞孔。有些人穿環是為了宗教或文化因素而穿,有些人則是為了精神上、裝飾性、或是與性有關的緣故而穿。
人類在體表打洞的歷史由來已久──在考古研究的奧地利冰河的冰人木乃伊身上,已發現穿有7到11公釐直徑的耳環;記載人類先祖們生活實錄的《聖經》舊約創世記這卷書中,也有穿鼻環的記錄(創世記24:22);古埃及的法老就有在肚臍打洞的儀式;阿茲提克和馬雅人也流行舌環;印度自十六世紀起,就大吹鼻環風潮;在十九世紀中葉直至二十世紀初的西方,乳頭穿環已發展成為一習以為常的事。這些都證明穿環早在不同地域、不同時期的人類歷史中出現且流傳下來。
以穿耳洞(ear piercing)這個較普遍為現代大眾所接受實行的人體裝飾而言,其存在年代也是斑斑可考(《聖經》出埃及記和申命記中有記載──一是摩西之兄長亞倫下令猶太民眾捐出金耳環來鑄造金牛犢一事;另一個是耶和華規定,耳朵穿洞可以作為奴僕的記號)。它一直留傳到了二十世紀的西方。以美國為例,特別是在20到60年代這一段期間,穿耳洞主要受到美國婦女的青睞,最後被嬉皮(hippie)的男性以及男同性戀(gay)社群所採用,後來又被龐克族(punk)吸收。今日,不論男女,單雙耳穿洞都是見怪不怪了。
反觀國內的情形,隨著部分藝人及哈日族的風潮,一些青少年也跟著流行打洞風。然而,因為打洞風引起的併發症相關案例也因此大增。
不論是單純的傳統耳垂打洞,或是現代耍酷愛炫的打洞方式,基本上可能產生的問題都一樣,包括:傷口發炎腫脹、傳染疾病(如:愛滋病、肝炎)、對金屬掛環過敏、疤痕肥厚或蟹足腫等。但是由於穿洞的部位改變了,組織反應的狀況也不同。以往在耳垂上穿耳洞問題較少,但現在的打洞方式相較起來變得多樣化,包括:在耳朵軟骨處、舌頭、肚臍、乳頭、鼻側或下體打洞,所衍生的問題也較多。例如,不像耳垂穿洞只是在耳垂肉上打個洞,高位置的耳洞會穿過軟骨的區域,由於軟骨的血液循環較少,對細菌的扺抗力也較弱,風險自然會比較大。
根據1998年明尼蘇達大學一篇醫學研究報告指出,穿高位耳洞傷口發炎的機率為30%,且一旦細菌感染波及軟骨導致急性軟骨炎(一般在打洞後三至四星期發生),發炎紅腫或軟骨壞死的範圍就會迅速擴大,容易造成耳朵嚴重變形。因此,耳洞打在耳朵較高處要相當小心。此外,值得注意的是,舌頭穿洞時,由於神經血管密佈,疼痛及腫脹自然相當明顯,極可能妨礙到語言、咀嚼及吞嚥功能,口腔衛生若不注意,細菌感染的機率也很大。
由於在體表上打洞引發的諸多醫療問題,愈來愈多歐美學者呼籲應廣為宣導穿洞時的注意事項及強調術後照顧的重要,甚至有的主張立法規範,只有特定的人員才能施行體表打洞。這樣的話,對於那些洞洞族無形中就多了一些保障。
III. Topics for Discussion
1. 第一題教師可以請同學們討論後,鼓勵他們盡可能以完整英語句子來回答。
2. 第二題用意在於讓學生思考自己的生活經驗,若有類似的情形是如何解決的,若沒有者,試想一下他們遇到時會如何面對因應。
參考解答
1. The father wants his son to know that he really feels sorry for the way he treated him. The reason he did those things is because he cares about his son. And if possible, he would like to make up for it by being a more considerate father. Above all, no matter what
his son does, he will always love him.
2. (1) I would stay calm, and I wouldn't say anything even if I had done something wrong.
(2) I would fight for my own rights/freedom, no matter what my parents might say. This is my own life and I am the boss.
(3)I would apologize for my wrongdoing. I think my parents would understand and forgive me.
I. Words for Production
1. purpose n. [C] 目的;用途
字詞搭配
for/with the purpose of V-ing 為了…
serve the purpose of 達到某個作用
on purpose 故意地(相反詞:by accident)
‧Sue worked out for/with the purpose of losing weight.
‧These comic books serve the purpose of keeping the children occupied during the treatment.
‧I can't believe that some people would hurt those cute kittens on purpose.
2. fashion
(1) n. [C] 流行的東西(或樣式);流行服飾
‧Mr. Anderson is looking for men's fashions in the department store.
‧Baggy clothes used to be men's fashion.
(2) n. [U] 流行,時尚
字詞搭配
be in fashion 正流行
be/go out of fashion 不流行
come into fashion 又流行起來
follow (a) fashion 趕時髦
‧Don't throw your old clothes away so early. They may be in fashion again someday.
‧If you wear this hat now, you are totally out of fashion.
‧Long skirts have come into fashion these days.
‧Don't try to follow fashion all the time. Save your time and money for your studies.
fashionable adj. 流行的,時髦的
‧It is fashionable to travel with your pets now.
4. asleep adj. 睡著的(不用在名詞前)
字詞搭配
fall asleep 入睡
fast/sound asleep 睡得很熟
‧It is dangerous to fall asleep when you drive.
5. tongue
(1) n. [C] 舌頭
‧You'll bite your tongue if you continue to talk while eating.
(2) n. [C] 語言,口語
字詞搭配
sharp tongue 尖酸刻薄的話
slip of the tongue 說錯話,失言
mother/native tongue 母語
tongue twister 繞口令
‧A slip of the tongue can sometimes make you lose face in public.
‧What's your mother tongue (= native language)?
6. disease n. [C][U] 疾病
字詞搭配
suffer from a disease 患某種疾病
catch a disease 感染某種疾病
‧Marian has suffered from a rare heart disease for many years.
‧Matthew caught the disease from one of his friends.
字詞搭配
disease 指的是「特定且有名稱的疾病」,而illness 則是指「一般性、不健康的狀態」。例:
‧A serious illness prevented Jason from attending classes for a month.
7. stare vi. 凝視,盯著看(強調因恐懼或好奇而睜大眼睛看)
‧The babysitter stared in disapproval at those noisy kids.
字詞辨義
其他常見表「看(到)」的字尚有:
see指「不經意看(到)」,例:
‧I looked out of the window but saw nobody.
look 指「有意識地看」,例:
‧If you look carefully, you will see tiny spots on the wall.
watch指「注意、觀察運動/變化的物體」,例:watch TV/a football game。
10. wave
(1) n. [C] (情緒的)高漲,波動
‧A wave of anger hit me when I found my MP3 player was stolen.
(2) n. [C] 海浪,波浪
‧The wave ran so high that we couldn't see the boat easily from here.
(3) n. [C] (頭髮的)鬈曲
‧Julia's hair has a fashionable wave that makes her a charming girl.
(4) vi. 搖晃
‧The branches of the apple tree are waving in the wind.
(5) vt. (向人)揮手(示意);揮手以示方向
‧We waved a greeting to our teacher.
‧The policeman standing on the street waved us through.
11. regret
(1) n. [U][C] 懊悔,悔恨
字詞搭配
much to one's regret 令某人非常遺憾…
have no regrets 不後悔
‧Much to my regret, I cannot attend your wedding ceremony next Sunday.
‧I have no regrets about quitting this well-paid job.
(2) vt. 懊悔,悔恨
‧I regret telling Judy the secret about my family.
‧We regret to inform you that your application was not accepted by our school.
‧Peter, I regret to say that you are fired.
regretful adj. 懊悔的,遺憾的
‧I feel regretful that I didn't grab the chance of studying abroad.
12. expect
(1) vt. 期望,要求
‧Some parents expect too much of their children.
‧Don't expect others to help you all the time. Do it yourself.
(2) vt. 預料,預期
‧Your performance is better than I expected.
‧ We are expecting it to snow in this area. (expect用進行式,表示「認為某件事將會發生」的預期)
字詞辨義
其他表「預期,期望」的字尚有:
hope指「期望的事很有可能實現」。例:
‧I hope I will become a writer in the future.
wish則是指「不太可能實現的事」,後面通常接假設語氣。例:
‧I wish I were an eagle flying in the sky.
expectation n. [C][U] 期望;預料
‧There is little expectation of a good harvest this year.
字詞搭配
in expectation of 預料
against/contrary to (all) expectations
出乎意料
live /come up to one's expectations
達到某人的期望
‧We took an umbrella with us in expectation of rain today.
‧Against all expectations, Jerry won first prize in the speech contest.
‧It's hard to live up to my parents' expectations.
13. behave
(1) vi. 行為,舉止
‧Ann behaved so well that the teacher praised
her in front of the class.
字詞搭配
behave as if/though + S + V...
表現得彷彿…(後接假設語氣)
‧My cousin always behaves as if he knew everything. Actually, he doesn't.
字詞辨義
behave和act兩者都有「行為」之意,但behave著重在「道德或禮貌上的行為舉止」,而act強調「短暫的、個別的或比較具體的行為」。例:
‧The boy behaved in a very polite way.
‧The soldier acted bravely during the battle.
(2) vt. 守規矩
字詞搭配
behave oneself 注意…自己的言行
‧Boys, behave yourselves in public or you will be punished.
behavior n. [U] 行為,舉止
‧Parents' behavior surely has a great influence on their children.
14. similar adj. 相似的
‧When it comes to the advantages of the MRT system, we have similar opinions.
字詞搭配
A + be similar to + B + in... A和B在…(方面)相似
‧The two drinks are similar in appearance but different in flavor.
similarity
(1) n. [C] 相似點
‧The two applicants have similarities in age and background.
(2) n. [U] 相似
‧I can see the similarity of character between Henry and his father. They are both humorous.
III. Idioms and Phrases
1. on purpose 故意地,有意地
‧Phil didn't show up again! Don't you think he didn't attend the meeting on purpose?
2. in a flash 一瞬間,馬上
*同義詞*
like a flash, quick as a flash
‧With MSN Messenger, your friends can get your messages in a flash.
3. make up for 彌補,補償
‧We all know it's useless to make up for lost time.
4. even if 即使,縱然
*同義詞*
even though
此為表讓步的從屬連接詞。例:
‧Even if David was sick, he still went to school today.
Grammar in Use
1. ...as + Adj/Adv + as...
這個句型是以形容詞和副詞原級來表示二者在某方面相等的比較,是屬於英文修辭格式中的明喻(simile),用來表達兩種人或事物在某個特質上是相同的。寫作時適時運用此句型,可以使文章內容活潑生動,激發讀者的想像力。例:
‧He is as patient as his grandmother.
‧My puppy is not as hairy as yours.
‧George studies as hard as you.
本句型的否定用法如下所示:
句型分析
...not + as + Adj/Adv + as...
→...not + so/as + Adj/Adv + as...
注意,只有否定可以用so...as...的用法。
‧Mandy is not as pretty as her sister.
→ Mandy is not so pretty as her sister.
這個句型之前可以用副詞almost, nearly, just 等修飾。例:
‧Your wallet is almost as cheap as mine.
‧The bread is just as hard as a rock.
‧Your handwriting is nearly as good as the teacher's.
以下補充一些常見的慣用語:
慣用語
as strong as an ox
as stubborn as a mule
as blind as a bat
as wise as an owl
as easy as pie
as proud as a peacock
as brave as a lion
as free as a bird
as hungry as a bear
as light as a feather
as slow as a snail
as busy as a bee
as cool as a cucumber
*句型練習補充:
利用句型改寫下列句子。
1. My grandfather is 75 years old, and my grandmother is, too.
→ ____________________________________
2. I'm quite tall, but Joe is taller.
→ I'm not _____________________________.
3. Maria walks slowly, and a snail walks slowly, too.
→ I think ______________________________.
4. Italian food is delicious, and Japanese food is delicious, too.
→ I think ______________________________.
5. Tina's salary is good, but Sandy's is better.
→ Tina's salary isn't _____________________________________________________________________________.
參考解答
1. My grandfather is as old as my grandmother.
2. as tall as Joe
3. Maria walks as slowly as a snail
4. Italian food is as delicious as Japanese food
5. as good as Sandy's
2. no matter what/where/when/who/how
本句型將no matter 接疑問詞的附屬連接詞用法作一介紹,且「no matter +疑問詞」可以跟「疑問詞+ -ever」代換:
句型分析
no matter what = whatever 不論什麼…
no matter where = wherever 不論哪裡…
no matter when = whenever 不論何時…
no matter who = whoever 不論是誰…
no matter how = however 不論如何…
‧No matter what (= Whatever) you say, I won't trust you anymore.
‧No matter where (= Wherever) I go, I will stay in touch with you.
‧No matter when (= Whenever) you need my CD player, you can borrow it.
‧No matter who (= Whoever) you are, you can't use the cell phone during the meeting.
‧No matter how (= However) hard he tried, he still failed.
教師可視上課時間與學生程度斟酌補充下列用法:
(1) 「no matter +疑問詞」所引導的副詞子句要置於句首,不可置於動詞後當受詞;而「疑問詞 + -ever」則可置於句首或動詞後當受詞。例:
‧Mary would take no matter what her boyfriend gave her. (×)
‧Mary would take whatever her boyfriend gave her. (○)
(2) no matter what 後可以接名詞。例:
‧No matter what product you buy in the store, you need to pay in cash.
*句型練習補充:
A. 利用句型完成下列句子。
1. ___________ you do, I will support you.
2. ___________ you visit in the U.S., you can
always find people from different countries.
3. ___________ calls, don't answer the phone.
4. ___________ happens, I'll help you.
5. ___________ you get into trouble, give me
a call.
6. ___________ delicious the ice cream was,
she refused to eat it.
參考解答
A.
1. No matter what
2. No matter where
3. No matter who
4. No matter what
5. No matter when
6. No matter how
B. 請從下列I欄和II欄各選一句,利用句型寫出完整的句子。
I.
1. ...Emma tells me, ...
2. ...Anna travels, ...
3. ...you are, ...
4. ...I called Helen today, ...
5. ...Allen gave her, ...
II.
‧...you have to obey the school rules.
‧...her line was busy.
‧...I don't believe it.
‧...she always has a good time.
‧...Linda treasured it very much.
1. _____________________________________
2. _____________________________________
3. _____________________________________
4. _____________________________________
5. _____________________________________
參考解答
B.
1. No matter what Emma tells me, I don't believe it.
2. No matter where Anna travels, she always has a good time.
3. No matter who you are, you have to obey the school rules.
4. No matter when I called Helen today, her line was busy.
5. No matter what Allen gave her, Linda treasured it very much.
補充資料
補充資料
寫網誌過生活──部落格(blog)
網誌,或稱為「部落格」,其名稱來自weblog,顧名思義,是web (網路) + log (日誌;紀錄)的簡化(weblog是Jorn Barger在1997年12月17日所創造;blog則是Peter Merholz在1999年的4或5月所創造)。網誌其實也是網站(website)的一種形式,特別的地方在於它的入口就好像紙本的日誌或日記一樣,而且是以與時間先後次序相反的方式來呈現。除了可以分享嗜好,集結同好之外,有些部落格常針對特定主題,以提供評論或公告新聞的方式進行,主題可涵蓋飲食、旅遊、政治或地方新聞;有些則以單純的個人線上日記來建構。典型的部落格包含主體的文字、影像、以及與其他部落格、網頁和相關主題之媒體的連結。
說到部落格的歷史,其實早在部落格風行之前,如Usenet, e-mail list和電子佈告欄(bulletin board systems,俗稱BBS)等數位社區就已大行其道,但是一直到1900年代後期到2001年,隨著部落格工具演進得更容易上手,更易於發佈,加上幾個以政治議題為焦點的部落格變得家喻戶曉,部落格的數目才如雨後春筍般大量出現。突然間,閱讀部落格被公認是獲知世界大事的有效方法之一,而隨著網路的無遠弗屆,撰寫部落格日誌也被視為可能比傳統出版刊物擁有更多讀者的一個方式。
部落格的屬性,可依不同的角度來劃分,例如:若是以使用行動電話或PDA (Personal Digital Assistant,個人數位助理)為對象來設計、編輯部落格的就可稱為molog;就文體(genre)來分,有政治性的political log和以旅遊導向的travel log;或是以部落格分享交流形式分的,例如:照片photoblog (photograph)、影片vlog (videos)以及聲音podcasting (audio)。
至於部落格風行的程度如何?以Xanga這個網站為例,它創立於1996年,到1997年為止,才只有100篇日記,但是直到2005年,
已有超過五千萬篇了。此外,blog在政治的影響力上,尤其以美國最為顯著。在2004年,blog不但成為Merriam-Webster's大辭典增列的新字,更以主流之姿形成另一政治角力場──不論是民主或是共和兩黨的大會,皆以具有指標性部落格之言論及其「格主」作為文宣的利器。在成長數據上,截至2006 年初為止,有超過三千六百萬個部落格,每天都會新開七萬五千個。有些部落格因為太受歡迎了,出版商還將它們出版成書。現在每年都會頒獎給以部落格為起始的最佳書籍。
儘管部落格剛開始為個人化的產物,但是在商業上的用途仍不可小覷。部落格除了在公司機構內部可作為提升良性溝通和文化水準的媒介,更可以對外作為行銷、品牌或公關之用(這類部落格也稱為corporate blog)。舉例來說,有些公司還請人替他們的產品寫網誌,寄望借助個人實際且生活化的角度來為其產品現身說法。事實上,若你發現這些言論有「言過其實」的時候,不用懷疑,他們極可能是由公司的員工或是專職的「打手」所發表的。
English Workshop
I. I Am Sorry
1. 每個人難免會有犯錯或疏忽的時候。向別人表達歉意時,可以對自身所犯的過失或苦衷做出解釋,並祈求對方諒解或原諒。教師可以先帶學生將課本所列的用語唸一至兩遍,讓學生熟悉常見的說法。
2. 將學生分組練習作課本的對話,也可抽選幾組學生上臺表演。
3. 以下為一些道歉情境,例如:失約、失禮、犯錯、爭吵、傷了別人的心等狀況的相關用法補充,可提供給學生參考。
(1) 失約
‧I apologize to you for missing our appointment.
‧I'm sorry. You must be angry with me for forgetting our date.
‧Is there any way that I can make up for my forgetfulness?
(2) 失禮/失言
‧I didn't mean to offend you.
‧I'm sorry for being rude the other day.
‧I hope you can forgive my rudeness. I didn't know what I was saying.
‧Please forgive me. I really had no intention of behaving that way.
(3) 犯錯
‧I do feel regretful about what I have done.
‧I deeply regretted talking back to my dad. I wish I hadn't done that.
(4) 爭吵
‧I would like to get together with you and talk our disagreement out.
‧I am sorry about the misunderstanding. Can we have a talk?
(5) 傷了某人的心
‧I feel really bad about breaking your heart.
‧I'm sorry for hurting your feelings the other day.
4. 以下補充對於他人道歉的回應:
‧Not at all.
‧No harm done.
‧It doesn't matter.
‧Think nothing of it.
‧I totally understand.
‧It's not your fault.
‧Let's forget about it.
‧You don't have to apologize.
5. 如果還有時間,教師可請學生們腦力激盪完成一至兩個簡短的對話,然後抽點或請學生自願上臺演示成果,再由教師檢討講評。
II. How to Write a Letter of Apology
1. 第二個活動要帶領學生做道歉短信的寫作,老師可提示學生幾個道歉信書寫的原則。雖然日常生活的道歉信並不如商業書信那麼正式、制式化,但是學生仍然可以藉由這個機會,學習表達自己的誠心悔意,以獲得受信者的諒解,進而得到對方再次的信任和接納。教師可請學生在課後再將成品潤飾後,交由教師改正,等下一堂課時,由教師挑選出不錯的作品進行講解和表揚。
2. 教師可利用課本的範例,簡單複習第二冊第八課English Workshop所提過英文信函的基本架構。英文信函大致包含抬頭(greeting)、正文(body)及結語(closing)。抬頭部分是由Dear、My dear或Dearest加上名字或職稱等所組成;而結尾第一個字母須大寫,其後加上逗號。常用的結尾語有:Yours faithfully (最正式的)、Sincerely yours (用於較不正式)、Best wishes/regards (用於非正式和熟識之間),若對方是較親密的對象時,可用Love、With love,最後再以署名結尾。
3. 以下是幾個道歉信書寫的原則,提供學生在思考和下筆時依循的方向:
(1) 一開始就精確地指出自己所犯的錯誤。例如:"I shouldn't have lost my temper when...." 或 "I have looked all over the place, but I'm afraid I have lost your book...."等。
(2) 為自己所做的事承擔責任,同時不去怪罪第三者。例如:"I accept full responsibility for what happened...." 或 "I know this was completely my fault...."
(3) 在信中承諾不再重複做出這類冒犯或得罪對方的事,並且要求對方能給你機會彌補。
4. 教師可請學生利用網路搜尋一些英文賀卡網站,或是運用課本上補充的道歉用語,試著寫道歉信給想要表達歉意的人,或是反之寫出接受他人對自己道歉的原諒書信。
5. 以下補充有關道歉和回應歉意的對話題目,可供學生練習。
( B ) 1. A: I am terribly sorry for making the
mistake.
B: ______ Forget it.
(A) Am I wrong?
(B) It doesn't matter at all.
(C) What happened?
(D) I'm glad you like it.
( A ) 2. A: ______ I shouldn't say that to hurt
you.
B: Not at all.
(A) Please forgive me.
(B) What's wrong with you?
(C) Am I wrong this time?
(D) What happened?
( C ) 3. A: I broke your cup by accident. Sorry
about that. ______
B: That's all right. I'll give you another
chance.
(A) Tell me the truth.
(B) Nice to hear from you.
(C) Can you forgive me?
(D) It doesn't matter to me.
( B ) 4. A: I didn't mean to offend you, sir.
B: ______
(A) I don't know.
(B) I accept your apology.
(C) Are you kidding?
(D) Let's call it a day.
( C ) 5. A: ______
B: That's all right?
(A) What's the problem?
(B) I doubt about it.
(C) I'm sorry for being late again.
(D) Are you kidding?
( D ) 6. A: I must apologize for my behavior
yesterday.
B: ______ I understand?
(A) Can you do that again?
(B) What's wrong with you?
(C) I'm sorry.
(D) Never mind.
( A ) 7. A: I am sorry for breaking your vase.
B: ______
(A) Don't worry about it.
(B) Be kind to everybody.
(C) I beg your pardon.
(D) Thank you so much.
( B ) 8. A: I'm sorry that I couldn't make it on
time.
B: ______
(A) How about you?
(B) No problem.
(C) You're welcome.
(D) Couldn't be better.
參考解答
Dear Mr. Brown,
I would like to apologize to you. It was all my fault to talk back to you when you wanted to show me right manners in class. I want to say sorry for that and please don't be angry with me. I will try to be a good student from now on. Please forgive me.
Sincerely,
Jason
Conversation
當傑森看到他的女友朵拉正在和別的男孩說話時,他大發雷霆。後來他發現那位男孩是朵拉的表哥,他就向朵拉道歉。(J = 傑森,D = 朵拉)
J: 朵拉,我對妳發脾氣的事,我覺得很抱歉。我並不知道和妳在一起的那個帥哥是妳的表哥。
1. ...he saw her talking to another boy.
句型分析
see + O + V-ing
此為感官動詞see的用法,後面接受詞和現在分詞,表示「看見某人正在做某事」。
2. find out 為「發現,查明」之意。例:
‧The teacher found out that Tom smoked at school today.
D: 那不是藉口。我有自由和任何人說話,不論是男的或女的。
J: 我知道。我只是嫉妒,就這樣而已。我該如何補償妳呢?
D: 嗯,你可以先從信任我開始。
J: 妳還在生我的氣,對吧?
D: 傷心多過生氣,因為你的行為非常幼稚。你知道我不會和其他人約會的。
J: 我實在對我的所作所為感到懊悔。我希望我沒有因此毀了一切。
D: 就差那麼一點。我希望你將來能表現得更好。
J: 會的,我保證。我知道我犯了大錯。妳可以原諒我嗎?
D: 不盡然,但是我想我可以再給你一次機會。
J: 噢,朵拉,謝謝你。相信我,妳不會後悔的!
3. excuse 為「理由,藉口」之意。例:
‧The student gave a poor excuse for being late for school today.
4. That's all.
這句話表示「事情或話就這些沒別的了」。
5. make it up to sb 表示「補償某人」。例:
‧How can we make it up to you for all your losses?
6. You're still angry, aren't you?
此為附加問句用法,前面敘述句為肯定,故附加問句要用否定,反之亦然。例:
‧Paul is familiar with this poem, isn't he?
‧Linda doesn't like sports, does she?
7. More sad than angry.
→ I am more sad than angry.
此為"more Adj + than + Adj" 的用法,表示「…更甚於…」,強調前者的成分大過於後者。例:
‧My father felt more sad than angry when my brother lied to him.
8. I promise. 我保證
→ I can promise you.
‧I won't make the same mistake again, I promise.
9. forgive vt. 原諒,寬恕
‧We'll never forgive Frank for what he has done to us.
10. You won't regret it! 你不會後悔的!
‧Trust me one more time and you won't regret it!
Listening Practice
本聽力單元練習全民英檢初級的「問答」題型,以下題目的題幹與選項均與本課內容相關。
[聽力腳本]
1. Mary, I'm really sorry if I was rude to you last night.
2. Oh. Sorry. I didn't know this was your seat.
3. I really regret shouting at John. I think I've spoiled our friendship.
4. Sorry, Lucy. I behaved so terribly at the party. How can I make up for my bad behavior?
5. So sorry I'm late. I got stuck in a traffic jam.
補充資料
猜猜我是誰──Cosplay (角色扮演)
Cosplay是「costume (服裝) + play (扮演)」的縮寫形式,精確來說是指「穿著奇特服裝以進行角色扮演活動」之意。Cosplay就是一種扮裝遊戲,若從廣義的角度來解釋,不論是電視上的綜藝節目中紅極一時的明星模仿秀,或是以模仿政治名人亂開玩笑的演出,都可以稱之為Cosplay。因此,Cosplay的定義就是模仿一個既有角色,藉由相同的服裝、造型或相同的動作、習慣,來達到模仿或扮演的用意,且被模仿的角色可能是真實人物或是虛幻人物。反之,若是一般玩家的觀點來解釋Cosplay ,那就僅限於針對動畫、漫畫或電玩的範圍所作的角色扮演了。
關於Cosplay的起源說法不一,其中一個說法是:Cosplay這個名詞,是由日本一工作室Nov Takahashi (Studio Hard成員之一)在1984年所創造。在他參加完當時在洛杉磯舉辦的世界科幻小說博覽會之後,對於那些化裝舞會般的奇特裝扮留下深刻的印象。回國以後便在日本的科幻小說雜誌上大肆報導當時的種種盛況,間接促成了這一股角色扮演的風氣。另一說法是:早在約1960至1970年間,日本學校的文化祭、運動會或園遊會中,就有特殊的裝扮活動出現,然而早期比較接近於「服裝扮演」而已,而未有特定角色的模仿扮演。到後半時期,以美國動漫畫中的蝙蝠俠和超人為模仿對象,逐漸出現了以這兩種造型打扮的人,而進入「角色扮演」的範疇內。1972年,日本第一次正式的Cosplay Show於是誕生了。1980年後,一般的玩家也開始出現在Cosplay的會場中,還有漫畫家本人自己打扮上場,之後由於Macross (超時空要塞)與其他動畫的興起,Cosplay也發展成以動畫為主流。Cosplay的精細度也越來越講究,甚至出現了專為Cosplay而參加活動的人。
然而,在1983到1984年間,Cosplay也曾出現令人憂心的局面──由於Cosplay精細度要求之故,各種擬真武器紛紛出籠,同時也增加了Cosplay的危險性,而後又爆發某家電視臺採訪Cosplay時,企圖誘導Cosplay玩家做出危險動作,及引導玩家做出不適當的發言,引發許多玩家們的反彈!到了1987年後,由於「聖鬥士星矢」再造Cosplay的旋風,許多的大型鍇甲炫目一時,此時的Cosplay也從動漫畫推展到小說、電玩或電影領域上,漸漸出現分化。另一方面,一些活動大會由於Cosplay具有危險性,逐漸對Cosplay做出諸多限制,1989年,在東京都內舉辦的許多展覽會場甚至相繼禁止Cosplay進入,使得Cosplay的玩家一下子銳減不少。
1991年後,Cosplay的玩家開始自律,除了在活動會場裡對Cosplay的內容有一些規範,同時對玩家們的需求設想周到,例如:開始設置更衣室供玩家使用, 而後Cosplay這個名詞也更廣為人知,成為日本青少年次文化中重要的一部分。
回顧Cosplay的發展歷程,起初僅偏重少女漫畫風格,多以專業人員為主,後來,很快地Cosplay成為一般在發表會場中必然出現的賣點,例如:臺灣現在許多電玩的發表會上,都會有人(較多是由藝人)負責扮演遊戲中的角色,以達到促進買氣的效果。近來,甚至標榜以Cosplay少女服務的餐廳或咖啡廳更成為一項著重菜色美味可口以外的新賣點。
Cosplay雖然是自日本傳入,但是臺灣也不落人後,源起於臺灣的本土文化──布袋戲──其實也有同樣的角色扮演活動。
類似國劇中角色的多樣化,布袋戲的角色一向性格鮮明,而玩家對於其中角色的愛恨也非常明顯;基於追求Cosplay的原始動機和最高境界──「化身其中」,許多玩家也喜愛裝扮成布袋戲中的人物。只是由於布袋戲的造型向來是以華麗取勝,越是華麗精緻的造型,在服裝、配件上面越複雜,製作起來更是所費不貲。若玩家很講究,要求扮裝的物件要接近於原設定材質,像是羽毛頭飾、金屬披掛等等,置裝費自然是很驚人。因此,若是真的手癢想玩一下Cosplay,得先摸摸自己的荷包了。
☆課後練習難題解析
I. Vocabulary
1. wonder n. [U] 驚嘆,驚訝;in wonder 驚嘆地
2. right now 立刻,馬上
6. be similar to 和…相似
8. against all expectations 出乎意料地;by表示「相差…」。
II. Idioms and Phrases
1. amazed adj. 吃驚的,驚訝的
4. find out 表示「發現(真相、事實)」,後面接what 所引導的名詞子句當其受詞。
III. Cloze Test
1. 這裡用(B)「more and more + 複數名詞」,表示「愈來愈多的…」。
2. 若使役動詞make後接的受詞為「被動接受動作者」時,其後接的動詞須為過去分詞(Vpp),故選(C) making; pierced。
3. (A) beyond/against one's expectations 表示「出乎某人意料地」。
4. 這個空格後接的是problems 的實例,包括speech difficulties 和 broken teeth,故用such as 。
6. seem 表示「好像,似乎」,後面接形容詞。
IV. Guided Translation
2. 這裡的whenever相當於every time when的用法;後面主要子句的動詞為spend,其後須接V-ing,故用staying和staring。
5. 這裡a wave of regret後的分詞片語hitting 是由which/that hit省略而來的;後面原級比較中的as hard as的副詞hard用來修飾study。
☆其他相關參考資料
A. 相關書籍
1. 親子溝通用心談,曾文志著。師友月刊雜誌社出版,2005。
2. 親子溝通零距離,劉慈惠著。信誼文化出版 ,2004。
3. 你會聽,孩子就肯說:親子溝通六大妙方,安戴爾‧法柏(Adele Faber) &伊蓮‧瑪茲利許(Elaine Mazlish)合著,謝凱蒂譯。天下文化出版,2006。
B. 相關網站
1. http://www.bookzone.com.tw/event/honglian/
index.asp
(洪蘭教授親子講座)
2. http://www.socialwork.com.hk/index.htm
(青少年相關議題討論)
3. http://www.cib.gov.tw/young/index.aspx
(內政部警政署青少年特區)
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